The Internet of Things (IoT) presents unique security and privacy challenges due to the diversity of devices and resource limitations. Traditional security protocols may not be directly applicable to IoT applications, which often rely on centralized architectures. To address these challenges, this research proposes a blockchain-based collaborative decision-making approach. Blockchain technology offers a secure and decentralized platform for storing and managing data, ensuring data integrity and preventing unauthorized access. By integrating blockchain, the proposed framework enables collaborative decision-making processes among IoT devices, ensuring precise and reliable outcomes. This approach addresses the issue of trust and malicious behavior among nodes in a distributed environment. This research contributes to the development of secure and trustworthy IoT applications, enabling user confidence and enabling the widespread adoption of IoT technologies.

The use of digital health records, stricter health laws, and the growing need for health records exchange point towards the need for an efficient security and privacy preserving mechanism. For health insurance management systems, multiple entities exchange health information, which is used for decision making. Since multiple authoritative entities are involved, a secure and efficient information sharing protocol is required as extremely sensitive health information is exchanged among the entities. Hence, this paper aims to put forward a novel a decentralized authentication system based on blockchain known as insurance claim blockchain (ICBChain) system. The proposed system ensures privacy of patients and provides secure information exchange and authentication of entities. An implementation of the proposed system is provided using Ethereum blockchain. The security and performance analysis of the system shows its potential to satisfy healthcare security requirements and its efficiency, respectively.

The exponential growth in the number of connected devices as well as the data produced from these devices call for a secure and efficient access control mechanism that can ensure the privacy of both users and data. Most of the conventional key management mechanisms depend upon a trusted third party like a registration center or key generation center for the generation and management of keys. Trusting a third party has its own ramifications and results in a centralized architecture; therefore, this article addresses these issues by designing a Blockchain-based distributed IoT architecture that uses hash chains for secure key management. The proposed architecture exploits the key characteristics of the Blockchain technology, such as openness, immutability, traceability, and fault tolerance, to ensure data privacy in IoT scenarios and, thus, provides a secure environment for communication. This article also proposes a scheme for secure and efficient key generation and management for mutual authentication between communication entities. The proposed scheme uses a one-way hash chain technique to provide a set of public and private key pairs to the IoT devices that allow the key pairs to verify themselves at any time. Experimental analysis confirms the superior performance of the proposed scheme to the conventional mechanisms.

With the omnipresence of technology, intelligent transportation system (ITS) is no more a distant dream but has become an achievable reality. One of the fundamental challenges in the implementation of an ITS is the proper management of security and privacy issues, especially how the system confirms the validity of its users. Most of the existing security mechanisms are based on a centralized framework and assume the registration authority and roadside units to be trustful. Therefore, a distributed framework using Blockchain and, a very lightweight and privacy-preserving authentication protocol employing an interactive zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is proposed. An in-depth analysis of the protocol demonstrates that it meets all the security and privacy requisites of an ITS. In addition, the suggested protocol is also validated using the widely used AVISPA tool. The reliability and effectiveness of the protocol are analyzed through simulation using NS2 which proves the practicality of the protocol.

Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) are reshaping the way of interaction with the physical world. Moreover, the true potential of CPS will be realized when a decentralized approach will be taken into account. Blockchain is an up-and-coming technology which can establish trust in CPS, where participants do not trust each other. Blockchain applications eliminate the middle man to provide trust and making the processes more efficient & cheaper. It's decentralized nature and cryptographic algorithm make it immune to attack and becomes a secure technology. When the data is stored on the blockchain it becomes immutable, ensuring trust in data. Nevertheless, this does not guarantee the trustworthiness of the device which is generating the data. We propose a blockchain-based signature storage solution to ensure trust among the participants which is further applicable to a diverse range of blockchain-based CPS applications. We have implemented our system using the Ethereum network and Docker Tools. Our proposed solution guarantees security properties i.e. device identification, authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation. Also, it reduces the storage space and storage cost than the traditional usage of blockchain in CPS.

Computing and communication are getting increasingly ubiquitous with the inclusion of sophisticated devices like electric vehicles, smart phones and other house hold appliances. Due to the constant evolution in Internet of Things (IoT), the process of collaboration of these devices at a mass scale in order to provide improved and better services to the society. Traditional mechanisms which are used to sustain privacy and security become incapable from achieving the same for IoT systems having distributed or decentralized topology. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), an emerging digital technology, consists of different kinds of decentralized data structures to ensure immutability by linking blocks using cryptographic measures. DLT has the ability to ensure privacy, security and distributed or decentralized computations with adhering to the constraints of IoT nodes. This study is motivated due to the lack of an in-depth analysis on how the characteristics of DLT can be exploited to secure IoT systems. So, an in depth overview of DLT along with some of the existing solutions to meet security requirements of IoT systems employing DLT have been provided in this paper. With respect to integrating DLT with IoT, this article also highlights the different challenges.

Internet of Things(IoT) is a connection of smart things and act quickly in any environment. Fog computing based framework has been used to be integrated with IoT to enable real-time processing at the network edge, aiming to improve the users experience and resilience of the services in case of emergency. With the advantage of distributed architecture and close to end-users, fog edge computing can provide faster response and greater quality of service for IoT applications. In this paper, we have proposed a framework that uses, fog computing along with IoT and machine learning to provide a better and smarter healthcare experience. The security of the framework is ensured by application of Blockchain technology.

VANET, a heterogeneous interconnection of smart vehicles, is a great platform to develop a smart transportation system. VANET comprises the various types of communication like Vehicle to Vehicle, Vehicle to Infrastructure based on the ad-hoc network. Resource constraints (like rechargeable power source, frequency spectrum, channels etc.), safety massages (like traffic information, collision information etc.) and emergency messages makes the VANET unique in wireless sensor network. Where some properties makes the VANET unique and popular, some challenges is also there. the main challenge in VANET is delay constraints. In this article we focus on minimization of Delay in VANET, in this regard we present a GreenVANET system which helps to minimise the delay and maximise the packet delivery ratio. To implement this system, we have used the priority queue and M/M/1 queuing strategy.

In the era of the Internet of Things(loT) smart devices are connected with wire or wireless way. The IoT devices are capable of sensing the environment and has the ability to transmit that information to the next level. The application area of IoT is Smart city, Smart transportation, Healthcare sector, Agriculture, Monitoring environment. Each of these applications, lots of information are share or transmit among different devices. In the information sharing system among devices, lots of security and privacy challenges exist like data leakage, data modification, device identity. In this paper, authors firstly identify the communication protocols used in IoT application and given their working principle. Secondly, challenges exist in IoT and corresponding Blockchain solution approach are explained, Lastly, the authors proposed a secure architecture based on open Blockchain which can solve some of the challenges in IoT applications.

Internet of Things (IoT) as per estimated will connect 50 billion devices by 2020. Since its evolution, IoT technology provides lots of flexibility to develop and implement any application. Most of the application improves the human living standard and also makes life easy to access and monitoring the things in real time. Though there exist some security and privacy issues in IoT system like authentication, computation, data modification, trust among users. In this paper, we have identified the IoT application like insurance, supply chain system, smart city and smart car where trust among associated users is an major issue. The current centralized system does not provide enough trust between users. Using Blockchain technology we have shown that trust issue among users can be managed in a decentralized way so that information can be traceable and identify/verify any time. Blockchain has properties like distributed, digitally share and immutable which enhance security. For Blockchain implementation, Ethereum platform is used.

Internet of Things(IoT) has emerge as a revolution in last decade. The IoT deals with lots of smart things interconnected with each others. The smart things are used to monitor, read, access the different smart applications environments. An IoT application has different challenges such as bandwidth/traffic issue, scalability challenges, device mobility, along with security and privacy issues. To make use of IoT in real-life application confidentiality, integrity, authentication, authorization, trust, verification, information storage, and management, availability challenges need to be addressed. In this work, initially, authors have explained the security and privacy challenges that currently exist in IoT applications. Following which, authors have identified that Blockchain Technology addressed the security and privacy issue in some papers. Blockchain technology being distributed architecture is secure and tamper-proof explained. Finally, paper concluded that the distributed Blockchain technique has the potential to provide a solution to the existing security and privacy challenges of IoT application.

Over the past decade, a lot of evolution has happened in the field of security specifically authentication system. The most commonly used authentication service we use now is OAuth 2.0 based authentication. In this method, we are dependent on a 3rd party authentication service provider to which we need to trust. Though this model is used extensively nowadays, studies show that it is still vulnerable to several hacks. In addition to that, the 3rd party authentication provider has total control over the user data to which they can leak or modify at their will. Thus the use of OAuth 2.0 based protocol has raised security and privacy concerns. In this paper, blockchain and its use cases are studied and an alternative way of authentication service has been proposed based on Ethereum Blockchain called DAuth. Furthermore, a prototype has been developed which enables user authentication on the site. DAuth proposes to enhance transparency and user control in transactions which involves identity management.

Internet of Things (IoT) is excessively influencing our day to day lives in many domains be it small smart device like a smart-watch or large industrial enterprises. Thus, a number of different IoT based applications are developed and deployed for these sectors. An IoT system enables devices to communicate among each other without human assistance/involvement. Therefore, verifying the authenticity of devices and ensuring integrity of the communicated messages should be given major importance in this type of autonomous systems. Apart from this, it is almost impractical to develop a centralized authentication scheme for a system whose size growing day by day. For this reason, a decentralized framework based on Blockchain technology that can efficiently manage such a large number of smart devices has been proposed in this paper. An authentication scheme using which devices as well as end users can prove their legitimacy to each other is also designed.

The evolution of IOT that began with computers has now developed into an ecosystem. This IOT ecosystem consists of a large number of different types of devices embedded with sensors and technology, which makes them smart enough to interact within themselves. With IOT omnipresent, the challenge would be how to ensure only authorized access to the resulting smart system which in turn will ensure the security of the data gathered from these devices. In this paper, a very lightweight mutual authentication protocol based on Diffie Hellman for IOT enabled smart systems has been proposed. The proposed scheme possesses all the required security attributes and these attributes are validated by the widely accepted BAN logic.A thorough security analysis has been done to show that the proposed scheme is secure against different security attacks. The performance of the same has also been evaluated and compared with a number of existing methods. Performance analysis also demonstrates the effectivity of our proposed protocol.

Blockchain Technology has received a lot of attention from both industry and academia due to its decentralized, persistency, anonymity and auditability properties. In this survey, use of Blockchain technology in wide applications area and its implementation challenges have been done. A rigorous search for journal/research article related to Blockchain technology have been reviewed. We have considered five databases to conduct this survey namely Sciencedirect, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, ACM Digital Library and Inderscience are being used. After initial phase elimination 135 research articles are considered in final databases for the survey. Main focus of the survey is to provide a comprehensive analysis on wide applications of Blockchain technology for the academic research community. In this paper challenges in implementing of Blockchian and its associated security and privacy issues have been discussed. For the first time a survey of this type have been done where Blockchain with application and its associated security and privacy issue have been reviewed.

Internet of Things (IoT) has lots of attention in the last decade. The connected IoT devices are more than the total world population. Due to its low cost, easy to deploy, and simple to implement, application areas are large like smart city, smart home, smart transportation, environment monitoring, agriculture and many more. There exists some security and privacy challenges in IoT system. The device identification is one of the challenges in any IoT application. Authentication is one of the processes to identify the device. Though some work has been done on this problem, most of these are using a centralized system. In this paper, we have proposed a distributed authentication system using the Blockchain technology The implementation of the proposed authentication is done on Ethereum platform for its better results in order to justify it as a superior scheme.

Blockchain is the backbone technology behind crypto-currency and Bitcoin. By concept, Blockchain is a distributed database where transactions are recorded in an incorruptible and non-modifiable manner. Currently, Blockchain technology is envisioned as a powerful framework for open-access networks, decentralized information processing and sharing systems, etc. This review is motivated due to the lack of an extensive survey on the existing decentralized consensus mechanisms in Blockchain technology. So in this paper, an in-depth review of the distributed consensus mechanisms has been presented. In addition to this, a comparative analysis of the consensus protocols based on the type of Blockchain is also demonstrated.

This paper gives a depth analysis of various Reactive Routing Protocols under CBR traffic in the Mobile Ad-Hoc Network. The protocols are DSR, AODV and DSDV. The performance is evaluated based on throughput, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing overhead and average end-to-end delay. This comparison is done by implementing these routing protocols in NS2. This simulation is carried out in different network sizes and by differing the number of nodes.

In case of routing protocols in MANETs (Mobile Ad hoc NETworks), the most critical aspect is to take care of the energy consumption and efficiency during data transmission from source to destination[1]. During data transmission the relay nodes within the range of source node can access the data packets from the source node and transmit the packets to the destination node as per the destination address, then the original data is retrieved by the receiver(destination node) after decoding the received packet. But an optimal path that guarantees minimum consumption of energy during data transmission has maximum energy efficiency[2]. In this paper, we propose a method which ensures maximum energy efficiency. It is based on Network-Coding and Energy-Balancing for Cooperative-Multipath-Routing. In this paper, we have implemented the above technique by using NS2 and have evaluated energy efficiency and the consumption of energy when a packet of data is transmitted following a particular path through the relay nodes.