Delayed recall measures are considered sensitive to episodic long-term memory impairment, and longer delays are argued to aid diagnostic accuracy. This meta-analysis examined whether delayed recall provides an advantage in identifying memory impairment relative to very short-delay or "immediate" recall. Eligible studies included a patient sample with suspected or known episodic memory impairment and a healthy control sample, both administered immediate and delayed recall trials. The standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) between patients and controls on immediate and delayed recall was calculated using multivariate random-effects meta-analysis. The meta-analysis included 290 studies, comprising 71,381 controls and 45,054 patients. Delayed recall ranged from 40 s filled delay to 6 weeks. Controls outperformed patients on immediate (g = 1.074, 95% CI [0.973, 1.176]) and delayed recall (g = 1.148, 95% CI [1.034, 1.261]). Patient-control differentiation was greater on delayed compared to immediate recall (g = -0.083, 95% CI [-0.126, -0.041]), though the difference was not clinically meaningful. Delay length (minutes) did not predict the delayed recall effect (β^ < 0.001) or moderate the difference between immediate and delayed recall (β^ = 0.020). Analyzed separately, word list, story, and shape recall measures showed no effect for increasing delay, and word list measures showed no delayed recall advantage. In mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, delayed recall offered a small to medium advantage, but this was not present across all measures. All clinical subgroups analyzed showed no effect for increasing delay length. Further research is needed to clarify the utility of delayed recall. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

ABSTRACTAimAccurate and appropriate cognitive screening can significantly enhance early psychosis care, yet no screening tools have been validated for the early psychosis population and little is known about current screening practices, experiences, or factors that may influence implementation. CogScreen is a hybrid type 1 study aiming to validate two promising screening tools with young people with first episode psychosis (primary aim) and to understand the context for implementing cognitive screening in early psychosis settings (secondary aim). This protocol outlines the implementation study, which aims to explore the current practices, acceptability, feasibility and determinants of cognitive screening in early psychosis settings from the perspective of key stakeholders.MethodsYoung people with first episode psychosis (n = 350), caregivers (minimum n = 10) and service providers (minimum n = 12) will be recruited from primary and specialist early psychosis services in Melbourne, Adelaide and Sydney, Australia. Two implementation science frameworks will inform data collection and analysis: the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. A mixed‐methods design will be employed to collect and analyse data from questionnaires with young people, interviews with all stakeholder groups, and administrative processes. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data will be analysed through content analysis using deductive and inductive coding.Results and DiscussionThis protocol paper presents the rationale and methods for the CogScreen implementation study.ConclusionTogether with accuracy findings, results from the implementation study will provide insights about the practices, experiences, enablers and barriers to cognitive screening in early psychosis services.

OBJECTIVES:This study examined the factorial invariance of the factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V) across the UK, US and Australia & New Zealand (A&NZ). The factorial equivalence of cognitive assessments should be demonstrated before assuming cross-culture generalizability and interpretations of score comparisons. METHODS:Data were obtained from the UK, US and A&NZ normative standardizations of the WISC-V. The samples consisted of 415 UK, 2200 US and 528 A&NZ children, aged 6-16. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied separately in each sample to establish the baseline model. Next, tests of factorial invariance were undertaken using the recommended hierarchical approach, firstly across the UK and A&NZ samples and then across the UK and US samples. RESULTS:The five-factor first-order scoring model was found to be excellent fit across all three samples independently. Strict factorial invariance of the WISC-V was demonstrated firstly across the UK and A&NZ and secondly the UK and US nationally representative standardization samples. Comparison of latent means found small but significant differences in female children across the UK and A&NZ samples. CONCLUSIONS:Consistent with previous research, these results demonstrate the generality of the WISC-V factor structure across the UK, US and A&NZ. Furthermore, as the WISC-V factor structure aligns with the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of cognitive abilities, the results add further support to the cross-cultural generalizability of the CHC model. Small but significant differences in latent factor scores found across samples support the development and use of local normative data.

INTRODUCTION:The current study examined the contributions of comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and volumetric assessment of selected mesial temporal subregions on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia in a memory clinic cohort. METHODS:Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and automated entorhinal, transentorhinal, and hippocampal volume measurements were conducted in 40 healthy controls, 38 patients with subjective memory symptoms, 16 patients with aMCI, 16 patients with mild probable AD dementia. Multinomial logistic regression was used to compare the neuropsychological and MRI measures. RESULTS:Combining the neuropsychological and MRI measures improved group membership prediction over the MRI measures alone but did not improve group membership prediction over the neuropsychological measures alone. CONCLUSION:Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was an important tool to evaluate cognitive impairment. The mesial temporal volumetric MRI measures contributed no diagnostic value over and above the determinations made through neuropsychological assessment.

Objective: To replicate a seven-factor model previously reported for the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). Method: This study used the D-KEFS standardization sample including 1,750 non-clinical participants. Several seven-factor models previously reported for the D-KEFS were re-evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Previously published bi-factor models were also tested. These models were compared with a three-factor a priori model based on Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory. Measurement invariance was examined across three age cohorts. Results: All previously reported models failed to converge when tested with CFA. None of the bi-factor models converged after large numbers of iterations, suggesting that bi-factor models are ill-suited to represent the D-KEFS scores as reported in the test manual. Although poor fit was initially observed for the three-factor CHC model, inspection of modification indices showed potential for improvement by including method effects via correlated residuals for scores derived from similar tests. The final CHC model showed good to excellent fit and strong metric measurement invariance across the three age cohorts with minor exceptions for a subset of Fluency parameters. Conclusions: CHC theory extends to the D-KEFS, supporting findings from previous studies that executive functions can be integrated into CHC theory.

AIM:Cognitive impairments are a core feature of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and one of the strongest predictors of long-term psychosocial functioning. Cognition should be assessed and treated as part of routine clinical care for FEP. Cognitive screening offers the opportunity to rapidly identify and triage those in most need of cognitive support. However, there are currently no validated screening measures for young people with FEP. CogScreen is a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study which aims to evaluate the classification accuracy (relative to a neuropsychological assessment as a reference standard), test-retest reliability and acceptability of two cognitive screening tools in young people with FEP. METHODS:Participants will be 350 young people (aged 12-25) attending primary and specialist FEP treatment centres in three large metropolitan cities (Adelaide, Sydney, and Melbourne) in Australia. All participants will complete a cross-sectional assessment over two sessions including two cognitive screening tools (Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry and Montreal Cognitive Assessment), a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment battery, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental assessments, and other supplementary clinical measures. To determine the test-retest reliability of the cognitive screening tools, a subset of 120 participants will repeat the screening measures two weeks later. RESULTS:The protocol, rationale, and hypotheses for CogScreen are presented. CONCLUSIONS:CogScreen will provide empirical evidence for the validity and reliability of two cognitive screening tools when compared to a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. The screening measures may later be incorporated into clinical practice to assist with rapid identification and treatment of cognitive deficits commonly experienced by young people with FEP.

BackgroundQualitative evidence points to the importance of both mental health-related barriers and benefits to exercise in chronic pain, yet this bidirectional relationship has not been established quantitatively.Methods89 adults with chronic pain (75 female, Age: M = 34.7, SD=13.2), and 89 demographically-matched individuals without chronic pain (73 female, Age: M = 32.0, SD=13.3) self-reported demographic and health information, mental health-related barriers and benefits to exercise, and leisure-time exercise activity.ResultsAdults with chronic pain had significantly higher scores on mental health-related barriers to exercise, and lower leisure-time exercise participation than adults without chronic pain. The groups did not differ on mental health-related benefits of exercise scores. Benefits scores positively predicted exercise, yet there was a significant negative interaction between pain and benefit scores, indicating a weaker positive relationship between benefits and exercise for adults with chronic pain than for those without chronic pain. Barrier scores significantly negatively predicted exercise engagement, but did not interact significantly with chronic pain.ConclusionMental health-related barriers and benefits to exercise are important considerations when prescribing exercise for adults with chronic pain. Adults with chronic pain may require individualised support to address mental health-related barriers to leisure-time exercise.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate a series of published executive function factor models for the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) and contrast these models with an a priori three-factor model based on Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory. METHOD This was a cross-sectional study using the 16 main achievement scores from the D-KEFS standardization sample, which includes three separate age-cohorts. We aimed to replicate previously reported factor models for the D-KEFS in the 20-to-49-year cohort (N = 361) using the approaches described in the original published studies. We also sought to use confirmatory factor analysis to contrast these models with an a priori three-factor model based on CHC theory. RESULTS The previously reported models failed to replicate, despite a large number of iterations, suggesting that these models are not plausible for the D-KEFS. Initial observations indicated an admissible but poorly fitting three-factor CHC model. However model fit was improved by adding correlated residuals for scores obtained from similar tests, reflecting method effects. These methods effects, derived from one sample, replicated in the other two standardization samples. The final CHC model demonstrated good to excellent fit for the D-KEFS in all three samples, and displayed strong metric invariance across the three age-cohorts. CONCLUSION(S) The results highlight the importance of replication in neuropsychological assessment, and show that D-KEFS scores can be interpreted in line with CHC constructs of processing speed, fluid reasoning, and retrieval fluency.

Measurement invariance underlies construct validity generalization in psychology and must be demonstrated prior to any cross-population comparison of means and validity correlations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V) across Australia and New Zealand (A&NZ) versus the U.S. normative samples. The WISC-V is the most widely used assessment of intelligence in children. Participants were census matched, nationally representative samples from A&NZ (n = 528) and the United States (n = 2,200) who completed the WISC-V standardization version. Baseline model estimation was conducted to ensure the same model showed acceptable fit in both samples separately. Measurement invariance was then examined across A&NZ and United States. The five-factor scoring model described in the test manual showed excellent fit in both samples. Results showed that the WISC-V demonstrated strict metric measurement invariance across the A&NZ and U.S. samples. Further, the results were consistent with the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) framework of cognitive abilities, indicating the generalizability of cognitive abilities across cultures. Small but significant differences in visual spatial latent means were found across females, highlighting the importance of local normative data. These findings suggest that the WISC-V scores can be meaningfully compared across A&NZ and United States and that the constructs, which align with CHC theory, and associated construct validity research, generalize across countries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The results show that recall test scores provide a more effective method to identify anterograde memory impairment compared to recognition test scores, regardless of the underlying cause of memory impairment. In no diagnostic group examined did recognition testing confer any advantage.

Examining factorial invariance provides the strongest test of the generalizability of psychological constructs across populations and should be investigated prior to cross-cultural interpretation of cognitive assessments. The aim of this systematic review was to critically evaluate the current evidence regarding the factorial invariance and the generalizability of cognition models across cultures. The review was structured using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The literature search identified 57 original studies examining the factorial invariance of cognitive ability assessments across cultures. The results were strongly supportive of the cross-cultural generalizability of the underlying cognitive model. Ten studies found configural invariance, 20 studies found weak or partial weak factorial invariance, 12 found strong or partial strong factorial invariance, and 13 found strict factorial invariance. However, the quality of the factorial invariance analyses varied between studies, with some analyses not adopting the hierarchical approach to factorial invariance analysis, leading to ambiguous results. No study that provided interpretable results in terms of the hierarchical approach to factorial invariance found a lack of factorial invariance. Overall, the results of this review suggest that i) the factor analytic models of cognitive abilities generalize across cultures, ii) the use of the hierarchical approach to factorial invariance is likely to find strong or strict factorial invariance, iii) the results are compatible with well-established Cattell-Horn-Carroll constructs being invariant across cultures. Future research into factorial invariance should follow the hierarchical analytic approach so as not to misestimate factorial invariance. Studies should also use the Cattell-Horn-Carroll taxonomy to systematize intelligence research.

The current study compared the reliability of manual collateral sulcus depth and entorhinal and transentorhinal cortical volume measurements between native oriented MRI scans versus MRI scans realigned to the hippocampal long axis. Data included 10 participants with two serial 3.0T MRI scans from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Both collateral sulcus depth and entorhinal and transentorhinal cortical volume measurement reliability improved from the native to the hippocampal oriented scans. Standardizing scan orientation is important to optimize reliability of MRI-derived manual measurements of the entorhinal and transentorhinal cortices. In quantitative MRI studies, aligning scans to a common, normalized orientation is recommended.

AbstractObjective:The Mayo Normative Studies (MNS) represents a robust dataset that provides demographically corrected norms for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. We report MNS application to an independent cohort to evaluate whether MNS norms accurately adjust for age, sex, and education differences in subjects from a different geographic region of the country. As secondary goals, we examined item-level patterns, recognition benefit compared to delayed free recall, and derived Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) confidence intervals (CIs) to facilitate clinical performance characterization.Method:Participants from the Emory Healthy Brain Study (463 women, 200 men) who were administered the AVLT were analyzed to demonstrate expected demographic group differences. AVLT scores were transformed using MNS normative correction to characterize the success of MNS demographic adjustment.Results:Expected demographic effects were observed across all primary raw AVLT scores. Depending on sample size, MNS normative adjustment either eliminated or minimized all observed statistically significant AVLT differences. Estimated CIs yielded broad CI ranges exceeding the standard deviation of each measure. The recognition performance benefit across age ranged from 2.7 words (SD = 2.3) in the 50–54-year-old group to 4.7 words (SD = 2.7) in the 70–75-year-old group.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate generalizability of MNS normative correction to an independent sample from a different geographic region, with demographic adjusted performance differences close to overall performance levels near the expected value of T = 50. A large recognition performance benefit is commonly observed in the normal aging process and by itself does not necessarily suggest a pathological retrieval deficit.

The Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) model is based on psychometric cognitive ability research and is the most empirically supported model of cognitive ability constructs. This study is one in a series of cross-national comparisons investigating the equivalence and generalizability of psychological constructs which align with the CHC model. Previous research exploring the cross-cultural generalizability of cognitive ability measures concluded that the factor analytic models of cognitive abilities generalize across cultures and are compatible with well-established CHC constructs. The equivalence of the psychological constructs, as measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V), has been established across English-speaking samples. However, few studies have explored the equivalence of psychological constructs across non-English speaking, nationally representative samples. This study explored the equivalence of the WISC-V five-factor model across standardization samples from France, Spain, and the US. The five-factor scoring model demonstrated excellent fit across the three samples independently. Factorial invariance was investigated and the results demonstrated strict factorial invariance across France, Spain, and the US. The results provide further support for the generalizability of CHC constructs across Western cultural populations that speak different languages and support the continued use and development of the CHC model as a common nomenclature and blueprint for cognitive ability researchers and test developers. Suggestions for future research on the CHC model of intelligence are discussed.

Abstract Background Physical exercise has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms, the most common mental health disorders globally. Despite the benefits of exercise in anxiety and depression, the symptoms of these disorders may directly contribute to a lack of engagement with exercise. However, mental health-related barriers and benefits to exercise engagement have not been addressed in quantitative research. We introduce the development and psychometric validation of the Mental health-related barriers and benefits to EXercise (MEX) scale. Methods Three samples were collected online prospectively (sample 1 n = 492; sample 2 n = 302; sample 3 n = 303) for scale refinement and validation with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. All participants were generally healthy adults, aged 18–45, and had no history of severe mental illness requiring hospitalization and no physical disability impacting over 50% of daily function. Results We identified a 30-item, two-factor model comprising 15 barrier and 15 benefit items. Overall model fit was excellent for an item-level scale across the three samples (Comparative Fit Index = 0.935–0.951; Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation = 0.037–0.039). Internal consistency was also excellent across the three samples (α = 0.900–0.951). The barriers subscale was positively correlated with symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress, and negatively correlated with measures of physical activity and exercise engagement. The benefits subscale was negatively correlated with symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress, and positively correlated with measures of physical activity and exercise engagement. Conclusion The MEX is a novel, psychometrically robust scale, which is appropriate for research and for clinical use to ascertain individual and/or group level mental health-related barriers and benefits to exercise.

Objective The 10 core subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) suffice to produce the 4 index scores for clinical assessments. Factor analytic studies with the full complement of 15 subtests reveal a 5-factor structure that aligns with Cattell-Horn-Carroll taxonomy of cognitive abilities. The current study investigates the validity of 5-factor structure in a clinical setting with reduced number of 10 subtests. Method Confirmatory factor analytic models were fitted to a clinical neurosciences archival data set (n_(Male) = 166, n_(Female) = 155) and to 9 age-group samples of the WAIS-IV standardization data (n = 200 for each group). The clinical and the standardization samples differed as (a) the former comprised scores from patients, aged 16 to 91, with disparate neurological diagnosis whereas the latter was demographically stratified, (b) only the 10 core subtests in the former but all 15 subtests in the latter were administered, and (c) the former had missing data, but the latter was complete. Result Despite empirical constraints to eliciting 5 factors with only 10 indicators, the well-fitting, 5-factor (acquired knowledge, fluid intelligence, short-term memory, visual processing, and processing speed) measurement model evinced metric invariance between the clinical and standardization samples. Conclusion The same cognitive constructs are measured on the same metrics in every sample examined and provide no reason to reject the assumption that the 5 underlying latent abilities of the 15 subtest version in the standardization samples can also be inferred from the 10 subtest version in clinical populations.

The aim of this study was to objectively evaluate the hypothesis that the neuropsychological presentation of Korsakoff’s syndrome, the chronic phase of Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS), is invariably a severe, selective amnesia against a background of relatively preserved general intellectual functions in a consecutive clinical sample. An analysis of the neuropsychological profiles of nine cases with a recorded history of WKS was undertaken. All cases were adult males (ages 32 to 70) with a long history of alcohol use disorder. Eight cases were chosen retrospectively on a consecutive basis from patient referrals. One additional case was recruited prospectively. Conventional understanding and some current opinion of Korsakoff’s syndrome predicts anterograde memory to be consistently more impaired than other cognitive abilities, but this was not found in this case series. The Mean Wechsler Delayed Memory Index was not significantly different from the Wechsler Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ), p = 0.130. Regression of Delayed Memory on FSIQ produced a non-significant intercept, p = 0.213. The ‘hallmark’ criterion of anterograde memory score at least 20 points less than intelligence score was observed in four of eight cases with available data, equating to a ‘sensitivity’ of 50%. Three of eight cases with available data had an FSIQ less than the memory score. Contrary to a common view, general intellectual function was not consistently preserved in Korsakoff’s syndrome relative to memory function. This study illustrates one of the specific merits of case series, namely, to critique an established view. Clinicians and researchers should expand their diagnostic criteria for Korsakoff’s syndrome to include more variable cognitive phenotypes, including a potentially reversible dementia-like impairment of variable severity, and focus on potential treatment opportunities.