Polyaniline (PANI) powder in its emeraldine salt form was blended with various concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to create semiconducting inks with desired fluid properties. These inks were coated on cellulose paper, and their resistive responses were tested under different vacuum pressures. Enhanced conductivity and reduced creep behavior were achieved by incorporating an O-H bond between the H of PANI and O of PVA, which stabilizes the polymer structure. This bonding minimizes electrical drift, improving the reliability of the synthesized inks for applications such as designing flexible circuits and fabricating thermoelectric generators. The strain field developed under vacuum is accountable for the observed variation in electrical properties. Due to the increase in strain field, the polaron hopping barrier increases, and as a result, the effective conductivity decreases with a decrease in pressure. These 'use-and-throw' sensors are economical, adaptable, and environmentally friendly, ideal for various disposable electronics and sensing applications.

Enhanced electrical conductivity and pressure sensing functionalities of phytic acid-doped polyaniline ink (PPhyA) incorporated with SnO2 (PPhyAS) and graphite flakes (PPhyAG) as reported in our previous article, encouraged us to explore the electrical conduction mechanism and associated optical properties. In order to realize the enhanced electrical conduction in the reported inks, detailed studies were carried out in our research described here in comparison with normal HCl-doped polyaniline (PANI). This can be attributed to the formation of a highly ordered molecular arrangement with high crystallinity, a change in the hopping pathway between two adjacent molecules and the hopping activation energy of the PANI chain in the phytic acid-doped ink systems. Optical parameters, such as absorption edge, Urbach energy, refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical conductivity and optical dielectric constants, were estimated from the result of UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results of these studies showed enhancement of the optical properties of the phytic acid-doped ink systems (PPhyA, PPhyAS and PPhyAG) in the low photon energy range as compared to HCl-doped PANI. Phytic acid-doped ink systems are paintable on a variety of flexible surfaces, such as paper and plastics. Hence, we suggest that the phytic acid-doped ink systems have a great potential for developing flexible and foldable circuitry for infrared optics and remote sensing.

Temperature differences within a city are called Intra-Urban Heat Islands (IUHI) and are important to estimate as they directly affect human health conditions. Monitoring the air temperature (Tair) throughout the city helps identify the places prone to extreme heat conditions, and such places require immediate warnings to mitigate extreme weather conditions like heat waves. The present study attempts to investigate intra-urban thermal variability within Ahmedabad city, India, by measuring near-surface Tair of different places representing diverse types of roads, vegetation, build-up areas like commercial or residential, water bodies like small ponds, lakes and rivers at different time of the day. Tair data is collected using HOBO thermo-hygrometer coupled with an automatic data logger mounted on a mobile vehicle (for every 1 second) and at stationary sites (for every 2 minutes). The Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS), with the operational name of NAVIC (acronym for Navigation with Indian constellation) and global positioning system (GPS) receiver, is used to record vehicle location, speed and altitude for every second. The results show that there are significant differences in temperature responses at different places in urban areas. Surface properties and surroundings significantly influence spatial and temporal variability in Tair within a city. The temperature in residential areas is found to be lower than the nearest market places. Transect data analysis suggests that IUHI are more intense during night (ΔT = 6°C) than in day (ΔT = 0.5°C), which is mainly due to differences in cooling rate of the surfaces.

During September 2021, a tropical cyclone (TC) named Gulab formed in Bay of Bengal (BoB) region of North Indian Ocean (NIO) and by nature, it was quite an unusual one as it crossed the Indian subcontinent and re-emerged as TC Shaheen in Arabian Sea (AS) which made landfall at the coast of Oman. These two cyclones were unique from two aspects: (i) formed in active southwest monsoon period in the month of September, which is a very rare event in NIO and (ii) formation of TCs in BoB and its re-emergence in AS, in the form of a cyclonic storm after crossing the Indian continent is uncommon. Along with these two, another exception was landfall at Oman coast, which is again very rare. The different large scale atmospheric and oceanic parameters, during development of TC Gulab in BoB and its re-emergence as TC Shaheen in AS are analysed using the reanalysis data and satellite derived products. The results suggest that vertical wind shear (VWS) during genesis of TC Gulab was unusually low and favourable for cyclonic storm development in BoB. The middle level relative humidity over central India was also high (positive anomaly), which supported remnants of TC Gulab to survive as a low-pressure weather system in land region. Later, it evolves into as TC Shaheen in AS, and due to favourable Sea Surface Temperature and Oceanic Heat Content it further intensifies to a very severe category cyclonic storm.

The present paper discusses development of a hybrid model for predicting near surface air temperature (2 m) over the city scale (similar to 100 m). The model is based on the premise that temperature at each place within the city is correlated with its mean temperature. The proposed model estimates the mean temperature of a city, using the forecast generated (5 km x 5 km resolution) by regional weather prediction model viz., Weather and Research Forecast (WRF) and downscale it to city scale, using the correlations estimated from the satellite based highresolution (1 km x 1 km) surface characteristics i.e. Land Surface Temperature (LST). The downscaling coefficients at each grid (1 km x1 km) are generated by formulating the statistical relationship between the LST over the grid to the mean temperature of a city. LST from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) sensor on-board Aqua satellite during the Indian summer season (April-June) of the year 2017-2018 has been employed for this purpose. The relationship between LST and air temperature is established using the collocated satellite estimated LST and monitored air temperature observations. As a case study, the model is demonstrated for the Indian city Ahmedabad, but the same procedure can be extended for any other cities. The existence of strong urban heat island during night hours over Ahmedabad city with a temperature gradient of 45 degrees C has been found in the study. During day hours the different parts of the city depicts different temperature based on their surface characteristics. The results have been validated using the in-situ data based on the ground based observational network temporally installed at different locations of the city for the year 2022. The developed model shows that it has a potential to be used in operational mode for generating location specific extreme temperature or heat wave warning within a city.

Electricallyconductive inks based on polyaniline (PANI)have beenprepared using phytic acid as a cross-linking agent. The resistiveresponse of these inks at low vacuum pressure has been reported inthis article. The polyaniline phytic acid (PPA) ink is mixed withSnO(2) and graphite flakes to form tin oxide-incorporatedpolyaniline phytic acid (PPAS) and graphite-incorporated polyanilinephytic acid (PPAG) ink systems, respectively. The inks have been usedto paint on cellulose substrates to obtain flexible electronic materials.X-ray diffractometry measurements confirm that the prepared ink systems(PPA, PPAS, and PPAG) are crystalline in nature. Surface morphologyand molecular structures are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy,UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy, which reveal the formation of a 3D structure of themolecules, reasonably supported by phytic acid having six anionicphosphate groups per molecule. The mechanism governing the chargetransport phenomenon has been discussed based on the electrical andoptical properties of the prepared inks. The experimental resultsdemonstrate that the flexible, use-and-throw vacuum pressure sensorbased on cellulose substrates can be a promising candidate for chemicalprocessing, gas delivery manifolds, and wearable circuitry in artificialintelligence.

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a non-neoplastic vaso-cystic tumor of the second decade. A 16-year-old male patient presented to the outpatient department with gradual dull aching pain and progressive increasing swelling, which was localized to right lateral elbow and upper part of the forearm. There was no restriction in the range of motion. After getting an x-ray, a lytic lesion is found at the proximal radius. MRI and cytology, are both investigations done to confirm the diagnosis. Two injections of 10 ml polidocanol (3%) were administered percutaneously two months apart under the guidance of an image intensifier. After one year X-ray showed marked sclerotic, however, the tumor size remained almost the same. Although ABC is a non-aggressive benign lesion. ABC responds to treatment very well. recurrence is also common. Proximal radius is a less common site for ABC and the case report suggests that it is curable. We found no recurrence. Treatment with polidocanol is less expensive, less morbid, has a good functional outcome, early discharge from the hospital, and highly effective.

The designing of low-cost, flexible, and easily degradable sensors with organic materials compositions is a challenging one in recent advancements in sensor technology. In order to develop a high-performance sensing device for urea, polyaniline (PANI) deposited on the surface of graphite (Gr) incorporated cellulose paper substrate has been studied. A graphite layer was formed by using commercially available pencil graphite by gently rubbing on one side of the cellulose paper substrate. A uniform layer of PANI was obtained over the graphite-incorporated cellulose paper by a simple physical vapor deposition technique. The prepared sensor material systems of polyaniline/graphite (PANI/Gr) have been studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and Keithley 2450 source meter unit for composition, morphology, optical and charge transport properties respectively. The resistive response of these materials with different molar concentrations of urea was studied through I–V characteristics and a notable urea sensing property has been observed. The PANI/Gr composite prepared on a cellulose substrate evolved as an active sensing material for low-cost, non-enzymatic detection of urea.

Reduced activation ferritic martensitic (RAFM) 9Cr steels, which are candidate materials for the test blanket module (TBM) of nuclear fusion reactors, are considered to be air hardenable. However, alloy composition and the processing conditions play a significant role during the transformation of austenite to martensite/ferrite on cooling. The presence of retained austenite is known to influence the mechanical properties of the steel. Identifying very low amounts of retained austenite is very challenging though conventional microscopy. This paper aims at identifying a low amount of retained austenite in normalized 9Cr-1.4W-0.06Ta-0.12C RAFM steel using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy and confirmed by advanced automated crystal orientation mapping in transmission electron microscopy. Homogeneity of austenite has been understood to influence the microstructure of the normalized steel, which is discussed in detail.

Ocean surface vector winds are of paramount importance for studying almost all meteorological and oceanographic processes. Wind vector products over the oceans are available from polar orbiting scatterometers and infrared imagers onboard geostationary satellites. The scatterometers provide wind vectors at the surface level, whereas imagers provide winds at different pressure levels in the form of Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMVs). In this study, an attempt has been made to first project the low-level AMVs from INSAT-3D to the sea surface level followed by combining winds from Scatsat-1 scatterometer for typical case of a super cyclone Amphan. Swath-based observations from a scatterometer cannot cover the entire area affected by a cyclone, whereas AMV products have limited coverage during cyclones because of cloud cover. Thus, the wind products generated by combining the two types of satellite observations surely have sufficient merit in terms of enhanced number of observations to cater to various meteorological aspects related to the cyclones. The generated winds are subsequently validated using operational products from the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast numerical weather prediction model, yielding root mean square errors of similar to 2 m s(-1) and similar to 20 degrees in wind speed and direction respectively.

To modulate carrier transport and hence thermoelectric properties, a facile approach has been undertaken by incorporating tin dioxide (SnO2) in polyaniline (PANI) and subsequent treatment with camphor sulfonic acid (CSA).

In the recent years, increase in frequency, intensity and spell of heat waves is observed in different Indian cities. These unusual heat conditions are not homogeneous in all part of the city. The large variability in the near surface air temperature at different part of the city is observed, which is influenced by many factors viz., land use, building materials, road types, water bodies, green areas, pollution sources etc. Due to this temperature variability at small scale, the high- resolution temperature forecast is required to mitigate the extreme conditions like heat waves. The present study investigates intra-urban thermal variability within Ahmedabad city of India, by installing ground weather network of HOBO MX2302 thermo-hygrometer coupled with automatic data logger, at 36 different locations representing diverse urban/rural conditions. The recorded near-surface air temperature (Tair) during summer months shows significant differences in the magnitude of extreme temperature at different places. The urban areas are found warmer (3.0–4.0 °C) than surrounding rural areas. The locations near water bodies (like near river areas) show relatively cooler (1.0–1.5 °C) temperature than other urban/suburban areas during day hours. Analysis of hourly urban-heat island (UHI) intensity for all the monitored places shows that at central part of the city, which comprises mostly urban areas, with higher density of building, traffic and population, witnessed a stronger UHI effect than those in the outer part of the city comprises of mostly rural areas with less building, traffics and populations. The UHI in Ahmedabad is found most intense before sunrise and after the sunset i.e. during 0600 h and 2000–2200 h of IST, respectively, whereas it is very low or negative during sunshine hours i.e. 1000–1600 h of IST. Further, operational Land Surface Temperature (LST) products from Indian geostationary satellite INSAT-3D and recorded Tair data are examined to obtain the LST and Tair relationship. This relationship can be used to convert satellite-derived LST into Tair and predict the heatwave conditions at different locations of the city.

Geo-stationary satellite images are one of the primary tools for real-time monitoring and intensity analysis of tropical cyclones (TCs) in spite of other complimentary remote sensing sensors like scatterometers, microwave imagers and sounders, mounted on the polar orbiting satellites. The weather activities over the Indian region are continuously monitored by two Indian geostationary satellites, viz. INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR, for every 15 min in staggered mode. During extreme weather events like TCs, INSAT-3DR is operated in rapid scan operation mode by taking observations over the system in every 4-min interval. These observations are highly useful in understanding the instantaneous structural changes during evolution, intensification and landfall of TC. In this study, an attempt has been made to present the salient observations over the cloud systems by visible, thermal infrared (TIR1) and water vapour imageries of INSAT-3DR satellite during the life cycle of the TC FANI. The rapidly evolving small-scale features inside the inner core of TC FANI in high temporal resolution images are examined. The relationship between TC intensity and inner core TIR1 brightness temperature (BT) and the number of overshooting top clouds in the difference images of TIR1-WV BT have been presented by analysing the sequence of INSAT-3DR imageries. The strong correlation ( r 2 = 0.74) is obtained between the TC eye temperature and radial distance of the first overshooting cloud top. The 1 km × 1 km visible images of TC were found to have the presence of small-scale mesovortices in the eye region, which are a typical characteristic of intense TC system. Usefulness of high temporal satellite images generated using rapid scan mode is demonstrated for identifying the signatures of TC intensification.

Introduction: Low lower back pain (LBP) is one of the maximum commonplace health troubles related to economic losses in the society. Chronic LBP (CLBP, pain for more than 3 months) is not an unusual cause of disability and absence from work from obligation. Etiologically, decreased lower back ache is a multifactorial disease with numerous possible symptoms and causes. Vitamin D plays a critical role in the immune system and bone healing. Despite the fact that Indians receive ample sunshine throughout the year, hypovitaminosis D continues to be a developing problem. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to describe the association between vitamin D deficiency and chronic low backache attending OPD of a tertiary care hospital in Andaman and Nicobar Island and to compare the data with that of Mainland India. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. The primary inclusion criterion for CLBP is defined as self-reported pain in the low back area for more than half of the time in the past 3 months, following the standardized criteria proposed by Dionne et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is considered as a marker for the recent status of vitamin D levels in the blood. Results: In our study, we took 664 patients with the mean age of 40.45 ± 15.2 years. We also found that 174 patients were vitamin D-deficient (26.20%). Vitamin D insufficiency was seen in 310 patients (46.69%), and 180 patients were vitamin D-sufficient (27.11%). The mean vitamin D level in females was 28.46 ± 17.12 and that in males was 29.02 ± 13.54. Conclusion: To conclude, the majority of the patients with chronic low backache have vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency, and supplementation of vitamin D should be considered.

The advanced Indian meteorological satellite INSAT-3DR was configured in rapid-scan mode during the formation of tropical cyclone ‘Fani’ over the North Indian Ocean. This study is carried out to explore the possibility of further enhancement in atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) to understand the extreme weather event using rapid-scan observations. A novel experiment has been performed to retrieve rapid-scan AMVs (RS-AMVs) with different tracer sizes at two different temporal scales (10 and 15 min) using the Thermal Infrared (TIR)-1 channel of the INSAT-3DR satellite. The RS-AMVs are able to capture small-scale variations of winds in rapid-scan mode, compared to AMVs retrieved by the operational INSAT-3D satellite available at 30-min intervals. Initial quality assessment of retrieved RS-AMVs is performed using winds from NCEP final analysis, ERA-5 reanalysis, and radiosonde observations. The number of wind vectors are enhanced significantly in RS-AMVs against operational AMVs from INSAT-3DR. An improvement of about 12% in RS-AMVs relative to operational 30-min INSAT-3D-retrieved AMVs has been achieved. Moreover, a sensitivity study has been performed using four-dimensional variational data assimilation experiments to understand the impact of newly retrieved RS-AMVs against operational INSAT-3D-retrieved AMVs for tropical cyclone Fani. Results suggest noteworthy improvements in track prediction when RS-AMVs are used for assimilation as compared to operational AMVs. The model-simulated surface wind structures are also compared with satellite observations for the radius of the maximum winds $$(R_{\max } )$$ and the maximum radial extent of surface winds.

Introduction: Fractures of the patella constitute almost 1% of all skeletal injuries, resulting from either direct or indirect trauma. Many forms of internal fixation for patellar fractures have been described in the literature but perfect anatomical reduction during surgery has an excellent outcome irrespective of the method of fixation used. The conventional method of patellar tension band wiring is always done with the help of two parallel Kirschner wires. Here, in our study, we intended to see whether the use of 3 parallel Kirschner wires in comparison to conventional one results in a superior functional outcome. Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in ANIIMS and GB Pant hospital Port Blair from November 2016 to November 2019 on 44 patients of patellar fracture operated by tension band wiring with 22 patients in 2 parallel Kirschner wires and 3 parallel Kirschner wires groups respectively. Results: 44 patients were followed up postoperatively for 1 year and assessed by Lysholm knee score for pain status and working status and other variables. The mean age of the participants was 40.27 years (41.86 in two Kirschner wire group and 38.68 in three Kirschner wire group) in our study. Lysholm knee score, pain status, or working status was not significant throughout the mean follow-up periods for both groups. Conclusions: We found no significant difference between patellar TBW in 3 Kirschner wire and 2 Kirschner wire groups. However small sample size limits our study.

Giant Cell Tumour (GCT) forms 5% of all primary bone tumours. GCT of distal ulna is an extremely uncommon entity being more common in the distal femur, proximal tibia and distal radius, respectively. Wide excision is one of the modalities of treatment, but this creates a bony defect that have to be reconstructed. The case report discusses a 30-year-old Indian male who was diagnosed incidentally with GCT of distal ulna after an alleged history of injury following road traffic accident. It was extremely difficult to perform excision and extended curettage initially due to extensive thinning of the cortex. Denosumab was administered subcutaneously for three months. Daily supplements of calcium 500 mg and vitamin D 400 IU were given. The short course of preoperative Denosumab lead to marked intralesional sclerosis facilitating the less morbid procedure of extended curettage and bone grafting and thus, salvaging the wrist. The functional outcome at one year postoperatively was excellent without any complications. Denosumab has the potential to regress the tumour, thereby preventing the need for complex reconstructive surgeries of the wrist.

In the present study, assessment of contribution of masonry infill wall in the linear range as well as exploration of post peak behaviour of RC buildings with open ground storey is targeted. Three different scaled RC building models having open ground storey and with different sizes of opening on infill walls have been tested on a shake table with low intensity of input excitations. Using acceleration response from these models, structural parameters have been identified adopting a system identification technique. The storey lateral stiffness in the linear range has been estimated using the above-mentioned identified modal parameters and an expression for stiffness representing the contribution of the masonry infill wall in the form of a diagonal strut has been proposed. Numerical models of all the specimens tested on shake table have been simulated. These numerically simulated models with different configurations have been used for assessment of post elastic behaviour of RC building models. While the lateral stiffness in the elastic range as well as peak load carrying capacities have been observed to increase in all the models due to the presence of infill wall, some interesting observations have been noted for shear force distribution across floors and possible reasons of failure of building with soft storey. Further, it has been observed that for a particular area of opening in the infill wall, the location does not considerably influence the load-displacement response of the building system.

Controlled carrier dynamics and energy band engineering in polymer systems can provide a wider scope for studying the thermoelectric (TE) performance of such systems. With such an objective, polypyrrole (PPy) powders were prepared, incorporating a small amount of tellurium (Te) during the polymerization of pyrrole. The polymerization process was conducted through an oxidative chemical polymerization technique using ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as an oxidizing agent. The crystal structure, morphological, optical, and electrical transport properties were studied to explore the possibility of the better performance of PPy as a thermoelectric material when incorporated with Te. Since achieving a high thermo emf at a considerably low temperature difference is of great significance, and the thermoelectric performances of the prepared samples were studied in a 100 degrees C temperature difference range in this work- A TE power factor of as much as 23.89 mu W/mK(2) has been recorded for Te-incorporated PPy, which is about 859 times larger than that of pure PPy. This has been achieved by influencing the carrier dynamics in the system mainly in two ways: first, by inducing a carrier-filtering effect acquired by lowering the interfacial energy barrier between the polymer and Te and, second, by improving the carrier transport over the polymer chains with enhanced carrier hopping. As a result, a noticeably improved electrical conductivity of 0.472 S/cm and an exceptionally high Seebeck coefficient of 0.74 mV/degrees C have been recorded.

Abstract The study intends to examine the impact of assimilation of ocean surface winds on the simulation of the tropical cyclones Ockhi, Mekunu, and Luban formed over the north Indian Oceans. We have conducted two assimilation experiments, cyclic control (CyclicCntl) and Hybrid, using the Weather Research and Forecast model. The CyclicCntl experiment and Hybrid experiment are the analysis generated without and with adding ocean surface winds, respectively. The ocean surface winds from Ocean Scatterometer, Advanced Scatterometer, and Windsat are assimilated using the ensemble three‐dimensional variational assimilation technique. The analysis generated by Hybrid and CyclicCntl is compared with the ocean surface winds observations from buoys, and it is found that the assimilation of ocean surface winds reduces the root mean square error between observation and analysis for zonal and meridional winds by 2–3 m s−1 (42%) compared to CyclicCntl simulations. The comparison with the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship locations of cyclones derived from the analyses indicates that track error is maximum in genesis and landfall stage for both the Hybrid and CyclicCntl experiments, and the average track error is less than 80 km for the three cyclones. In a Hybrid experiment, during the intensifications from deep depression to the very severe cyclonic storm, the wind speed enhancement is dominant over the southeast and northwest sectors of the eyewall regions and subsequently in the rainband region. Thus, the assimilation of ocean surface winds from the three sensors improves the prediction of intensity and the evolution of tropical cyclones in general.