This paper will highlight a methodology for contingency analysis of transmission network. The contingency analysis is conducted by developing a new index namely power and voltage deviation (PVD) based index. It has been formulated by combining the two indices such as active power severity index (ASI) and Voltage severity index(VSI). The APS will represent the deviations of the active power flow through various transmission lines under different contingency scenarios. Further, the VSI will represent the variations of the voltage profile of the network considering different contingencies. The ranking of the different contingency scenarios are done according the value of the overall PVD index. The highest value of PVD will indicate the most critical contingency and so on. The developed contingency analysis scheme is experimentally validated through benchmark standard IEEE 5 bus and IEEE 14 bus systems. The experiment and simulation of contingency creation was conducted on MATLAB software and power flow algorithm was run for each possible contingency scenario and the experimental results are discussed. The developed contingency ranking and analysis scheme will be helpful to determine the critical contingency scenario. System planners can visualize the various network parameters through contingency analysis and anticipate the remedial actions accordingly. Hence, the proposed contingency analysis methodology will be useful for proper planning to avoid any tripping or network outages under contingency conditions. The contingency analysis will be also beneficial in terms of network reliability and asset management.

The research includes real-time air quality data collected from monitoring stations, including meteorological variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and historical PM 2.5 levels. Preprocessing steps include data cleaning, normalization, and feature selection to enhance model performance. The KNN algorithm is trained and optimized by selecting the appropriate value of ‘k’ and distance metrics to improve prediction accuracy. The results show that the KNN model is quite good at predicting PM 2.5 concentrations and can help understand the short-term air quality trend. This is a cost-effective, reliable tool for air quality monitoring, aiding policymakers and environmental agencies in reducing air pollution and ensuring public health. The study results indicate that KNN can be an effective environmental data modelling approach in sustainable development.

Purpose:Fracture union after osteosynthesis of a fracture neck femur (FNF) occurs by compression of the fracture ends and potential neck shortening. Selection of an implant for fixation of a femoral fracture of the neck can be challenging when making management decisions. Femoral neck shortening after internal fixation of FNFs using a femoral neck system (FNS) or multiple cannulated cancellous screws (MCS) was compared. Materials and Methods:This prospective interventional single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted at a university teaching hospital. Sixty patients undergoing internal fixation for management of sub-capital or trans-cervical FNFs were randomized and assigned, to one of the two groups-the test group (FNS group) and the control group (MCS group). Primary outcome was determined by measuring the difference in 1-year shortening of the femoral neck on radiographs between FNS and MCS. The secondary objective was to determine the correlation between neck shortening with patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) at the end of the final follow-up. Results:At the final follow-up, shortening of the femoral neck was 3.77±1.87 mm in the FNS group, significantly lower compared with the MCS group, 6.53±1.59 mm. Conclusion:Significantly less shortening of the femoral neck was observed in the FNS group compared with the MCS group. No statistically significant difference in PROMs was observed at 1-year follow-up. The findings of the study suggest that FNS can be regarded as a suitable alternative for internal fixation in young adults (<60 years) with trans-cervical and subcapital FNFs.

Purpose Managing complex distal femur fractures presents technical challenges. Although the lateral locked plate has become standard for these fractures, failures are not uncommon when this device is used alone. Patients with nonunion of distal femur fractures following treatment with a single lateral locked plate were examined. Revision surgery was performed by applying dual plates, and their efficiency was evaluated. Methods This study investigated 24 aseptic and 3 septic nonunions of distal femur fractures, classified as AO/OTA type C, that were previously managed with open reduction and internal fixation using only a lateral locked plate. Revision surgery involved replacing the broken 5.0-mm lateral locked plate, supplementing the medial side with a 4.5-mm T-plate, and applying bone grafting at the fracture site. Septic cases were managed using a staged approach with dual implant application. Results Following revision surgery, bony union was achieved in 83.3% of aseptic nonunions, with a mean bone healing time of 22.5 weeks (range, 15–27 weeks). Additional surgery was required for the remaining 16.6%. Using staged management, the septic nonunions were united in a mean of 30.25 weeks (range, 27–32 weeks). Significant improvements were noted in the Tegner Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, with median preoperative and postoperative scores of 30 (range, 12–67) and 80 (range, 66–90), respectively (P<0.001). Limb pain, as measured by the visual analog scale for knee pain, improved significantly from a preoperative median of 6 (range, 4–8) to 3 (range, 1–6) postoperatively (P<0.001). All patients were ambulatory without supportive devices. However, the mean knee range of motion was 80° (range, 40°–120°). Limb shortening was observed in six cases (22.2%; average shortening, 2.3±1.0 cm). Conclusions Dual plating appears to be an effective approach for managing failed complex distal femur fractures following initial treatment with a single lateral locked plate.

Objectives:Knee osteoarthritis (KO) is a leading contributor to disability years, with a prevalence ranging from 22% to 39%. Tibia stress fractures (TSFs) are well-described for end-stage arthritis patients undergoing TKA. Literature is ambiguous, with a wide range of management options. This study primarily aims to compare and determine the clinical, functional, and radiological outcomes of TSFs in end-stage KO treated with TKA by propensity score-based matching. Methods:It is a retrospective, single-center, comparative study conducted at University Teaching Hospital. The institutional medical records (IMRs) database was inquired. The TSF group included all patients of end-stage KO who underwent primary TKA with TSFs, and the TKA group included matched patients without TSF. Cases were 3:1 (TKA: TSF) propensity score-matched (PSM). The primary outcome was a PSM comparison of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and 1-year Postoperative Complications and Adverse Events (POCAE). PROMs included the knee society score (KSS), patient satisfaction (PS), and KSS functional activities (FA) score. Results:Study includes thirty-seven patients. Both groups showed no statistically significant difference in KSS FA and KSS PS scores. At the final follow-up, MCID for KSS FA was achieved by 31 patients (96.9%) in the TSF group compared to 92 patients (95.83%) in the TKA group. MCID for KSS PS was achieved by 29 patients (90.63%) in the TSF group compared to 91 patients (94.79%) in the TKA group. Conclusion:End-stage KO patients with coexisting TSFs who undergo primary TKA with stem/ plate fixation as per fracture location may expect favorable PROMs, POAECs, radiological outcomes, and rates of achieving the MCID at a minimum 2-year follow-up. Accurate management of such cases results in excellent outcomes and minimized revision rates. All patients achieved complete bone union. These results were comparable to the PSM control group.

Introduction In the pursuit of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, the adoption of clean energy production has emerged as an imperative strategy. Thin film CdTe photovoltaic (PV) modules have become widely popular in commercial applications owing to their remarkable attributes, such as superior absorption capabilities, direct band gap material, and single junction operational efficiency. CdTe PV modules have secured a prominent status within the photovoltaic technology landscape by demonstrating a favourable band gap optimisation, better temperature coefficient, and enhanced energy yield.Methods This research presents an exploration of PV resistance modelling via a numerical methodology. A comprehensive CdTe PV module model is developed in the Matlab Simulink environment. Furthermore, the study explores the detailed performance of a 110 W thin film CdTe PV module. Critical parameters such as open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and maximum power are subjected to meticulous validation against data from established commercial photovoltaic modules. The efficiency and fill factor of the CdTe PV module are judiciously analysed with the changing weather condition.Results Impressively, the analysis highlights the model's exceptional precision under the considered conditions, particularly in the context of maximum power, where the relative error remains under 0.1%. Remarkably aligning with reference module parameters, the characteristic PV parameters exhibit remarkable closeness, with an overall relative error of less than 1.63% for all PV parameters under standard test conditions.Conclusion Moreover, a statistical measure named coefficient of determination 'R2' is found very near to 1 for all characteristics described and it satisfies the actual nature of the characteristics curve.

Synovial chondromatosis is a rare benign joint disorder that can cause pain, stiffness, and restricted motion. Shoulder involvement is uncommon and may mimic other intra-articular conditions. A young adult male patient presented with chronic right shoulder pain and limited movement without prior trauma. Imaging revealed multiple intra-articular calcified bodies consistent with synovial chondromatosis. The patient underwent arthroscopic removal of loose bodies with partial synovectomy, during which around 20 fragments were extracted. Histopathology confirmed benign cartilaginous nodules without atypia. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with early physiotherapy initiated. At three months, the patient achieved a full, pain-free range of motion and a significant improvement in functional scores. Follow-up imaging confirmed complete removal and no recurrence. This case highlights the role of arthroscopic excision and synovectomy as a safe, minimally invasive, and effective treatment for shoulder synovial chondromatosis, offering rapid recovery and excellent early outcomes.

Introduction:Intertrochanteric (IT) fractures are rarely reported in amputation stumps. Case Report:This report presents the case of an elderly male with a right above-knee amputation who sustained an ipsilateral IT fracture. He had undergone amputation 3 years prior and was mobilizing independently with a prosthetic limb. The current injury occurred due to the rollover of a four-wheeler in which he was traveling. A proximally sized femoral nail was selected for fracture fixation, with the goal of internal splinting across the entire residual femoral length. Postoperatively, the patient resumed use of his previous prosthesis without difficulty. Conclusion:Treatment goals in such cases should include preservation of stump length, avoidance of prosthesis socket revision, prevention of peri-implant fractures and implant failure, and the use of load-sharing implants in the lower extremity stump. In addition, enabling the patient to return to their prior level of activity should be a key therapeutic objective.

Accurate estimation of solar photovoltaic (PV) parameters plays a crucial role in achieving optimal performance in PV systems, which is essential for theoretical analysis and real-time applications. This paper introduces the Puzzle Optimization Algorithm (POA) as a novel approach for determining the optimum PV parameters in a PV single-diode model. The primary objective is to show the efficacy of this method by evaluating the root mean square error (RMSE) of the objective function. The investigation involves the analysis of four commercial PV modules, with a comparison of RMSE values against recently published literature. Applying the POA to these PV modules, reveals improved accuracy and minimal error in output current. Moreover, using optimized PV parameters, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and maximum power are determined for all the PV modules in MATLAB and compared with manufacturer data. The obtained results unveil that the percentage relative error in both maximum power and short-circuit current is less than 1% for all of the PV modules. All in all, this investigation establishes the effectiveness of the POA in achieving precise parameter estimation for various PV modules, contributing to improved PV system design and operation.

In India, mining is one of the major activities contributing to significant revenue generation. Mining activity in India includes mining of ores, coal and other minerals. India is one of the global leaders in terms of coal production, specifically producing through opencast mining. Recent environmental conditions and regulations are forcing the government to think of some effective underground mining technologies, such as longwall and Continuous Miner (CM). This research work presents the case of a CM system installed in an underground coal mine in the eastern region of the country. In Working time as well as breakdown time data were recorded for three months to calculate the Time Between Failure (TBF) between two consecutive failures. Thereafter, a reliability analysis for thousands of minutes of operating period for the CM-based sub-systems was performed. Among the sub-systems considered, a thorough analysis revealed that, mine conveyor was the most vulnerable sub-system. Further, to lessen the vulnerability of the top three sub-systems, several corrective measures were recommended.

INTRODUCTION:Wrist functionality is severely hampered by giant cell tumours (GCT) of the distal ulna, which require careful surgical treatment. A thorough preoperative evaluation and precise tumour grading are essential for developing a treatment plan that maximises functional results while maintaining oncological control. CASE PRESENTATION:We present 2 cases of distal end ulna giant cell tumour (GCT). The first case involves a primary GCT in a young male, treated with marginal excision and extensor carpi ulnaris tenodesis, with no recurrence over three years. The second case describes a recurrent GCT in a middle-aged male, initially treated with curettage and bone cement in primary stage, followed by a successful marginal excision after recurrence. DISCUSSION:Distal ulna giant cell tumours (GCTs) are uncommon, violent lesions that have a significant chance of recurring, particularly in Campanacci grade III instances. Stabilisation procedures such as ECU tendon reconstruction address post-resection issues such as discomfort, limited forearm rotation, and grip weakness, although en bloc resection is favoured to minimise recurrence. CONCLUSION:Both cases highlight the challenges and considerations in managing distal ulna GCTs, emphasizing that en-bloc resection may reduce recurrence rates compared to curettage in grade III Campanacci GCTs.

Efficient conversion of photovoltaic (PV) energy is essential for the smooth operation of inverters and reliable power supply to electrical appliances. This paper highlights the LC filter design and implementation of PV inverter operation in islanded mode. A PI controller along with a two-level PWM controller is used to generate the gate pulses for the inverter. The LC filter minimises voltage ripples and harmonics, ensuring smooth power delivery. The analysis shows the system's competence in maintaining a stable constant output voltage under varying weather conditions. On top of that, during sudden load changes, whether withdrawals or reconnections, the system sustains consistent voltage levels, proving its efficacy and reliability. The analysis shows that for a 100 kW PV system, the inverter voltage THD remains below 1.3%, and the peak voltage stays constant at 500 V, even when the phase-to-phase voltage is set to 360 V and load or irradiance conditions change. These findings highlight the suitability of this system for standalone renewable energy applications, particularly in DC-based load systems.

In recent advancements in renewable energy sources, fuel cell technology has become one of the most promising, eco-friendly, and emission-free for clean electricity generation. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, among other fuel cells, have compact design and operation at relatively low temperatures. It is popularly used in various household applications, electrical vehicles, and standby remote power supply applications. PEM Fuel cells can be seamlessly incorporated into diverse power systems due to their scalability and easy integration. This paper presents PEM fuel cell modelling and its performance investigation depending on various parameters under different operating conditions. This work illustrates the effect of temperature and partial pressure of oxygen on different polarisation losses over a steady-state model of PEM fuel cell through mathematical analysis.

Abstract Patellar tendinopathy is a relatively common cause of anterior knee pain in athletes. It is predominantly seen in sports involving jumping, running, abrupt change in direction like basketball, volleyball, soccer, sprinting and jumping. The main pathophysiology is considered to be repetitive microtrauma at the inferior pole of patella along with a poor healing response. Although eccentric exercises have shown to be beneficial, the improvement is often slow and may result in a less than satisfactory outcome. There is a growing interest of orthobiologics, mainly platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in multiple chronic musculoskeletal pathologies. This narrative review aimed to analyse the current evidence on the role of orthobiologics in the management of recalcitrant patellar tendinopathy. Multiple studies have shown significant clinical improvement with negligible adverse effects on PRP injection for patellar tendinopathy. Most studies assessed report that the effects of PRP are sustained. However, among all studies evaluated, there is a considerable heterogeneity in terms of PRP composition, number of injections, dosage interval and postinjection rehabilitation protocol, pointing to the need for further research to enable standardisation of PRP therapy. Stem cells too have shown potential to be effective as a treatment modality for chronic patellar tendinopathy, but there is limited data to recommend its use outside of research setting or to enable a meaningful comparison to PRP. There is a promising role of orthobiologics in management of chronic patellar tendinopathy not responding to conventional treatment. Level of Evidence Not applicable (narrative review).

Context Interprofessional education (IPE) is crucial in promoting a better understanding of collaborative practices within the healthcare system. Unfortunately, healthcare professionals are still working in isolation. To address this issue, a study was conducted to develop a module-based teaching and learning activity focusing on sports injuries and to promote IPE. Aims The aim of the study was to develop, implement, and evaluate an IPE module. Settings and Design An educational mixed-method study was conducted on 25 facilitators and 108 students. Methods, Materials and Statistical Analysis The facilitators were interviewed for an assessment of the need for the IPE module. Qualitative analysis was done on the interview data. An interprofessional team was created to develop the sports injury prevention module (SIPM). The SIPM consisting of 11 objectives was developed and validated by experts. After the implementation of SIPM students’ performance was analysed with the help of pre and post-tests. The perception of students and facilitators about IP SIPM were recorded with the help of questionnaires. Results Need assessment data showed that the facilitators were not very familiar with the concept of IPE. There was a significant increase in students’ performance with a P value ≤ 0.05 after learning with SIPM. Both facilitators and students agreed that module-based IPE increases students’ attentiveness and learning. Conclusions For effective interprofessional educational collaboration for training students of the healthcare profession, there is a need for an interprofessional educational module. SIPM can enhance the learning of musculoskeletal anatomy and create awareness about sports injuries among students.

Enhancing the system reliability of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system operating under maximum power conditions is crucial for optimal performance. The key to achieving this lies in employing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), which ensures that the system operates at the maximum power point on the P-V curve, even during weather variations. Additionally, incorporating energy storage in such systems further improves reliability. The primary objective of this study is to develop and implement an advanced control strategy that maximizes energy management between the battery and supercapacitor in a standalone hybrid storage system. This involves designing and simulating control strategies using MATLAB Simulink to optimize energy flow among PV panels, batteries, and supercapacitors, considering solar irradiance, load demand, and state of charge of energy storage components. Through this approach, the research aims to achieve higher energy efficiency, improved power stability, and increased overall system reliability, contributing to the advancement of renewable energy technologies and offering practical solutions for real-world photovoltaic battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage systems.

INTRODUCTION:Unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures are routinely encountered in orthopedic practice. Recently, short-segment fixation with pedicle screw augmentation of the fractured vertebra for unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures has gained popularity. Nonetheless, the maintenance of the kyphotic correction during the follow-up period remains controversial. This study aimed to examine the clinical-radiological outcomes, complications, and functional outcomes of fractured vertebrae augmentation with intermediate pedicle screws in short-segment instrumentation in acute thoracolumbar spine fractures.METHODS:This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, using medical records from January 2021 to October 2022. Parameters such as local kyphosis correction, loss of kyphotic correction at final follow-up, anterior body height correction (%), and loss of correction (%) at final follow-up were measured as primary outcomes. Various other parameters such as operative time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, and visual analog scale were measured as secondary outcomes.RESULTS:The mean correction obtained via surgery in the immediate postoperative period was 13.7±2.3 degrees. The mean loss of correction at the final follow-up was 4.1±2.0 degrees, and the mean final local kyphotic angle was 7.2±2.4 degrees (P<0.05). The mean correction obtained via surgery in the immediate postoperative period was 37.2%±9.0%. The mean loss of correction at the final follow-up was 10.5%±5.3%, and the mean final anterior vertebral body height maintained was 72%±11.0% (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Short-segment posterior fixation with pedicle screw augmentation achieves good correction of local kyphotic angle and anterior vertebral height in the immediate postoperative period, but some loss of correction at final follow-up is common. In our study, the loss of correction corresponded directly to the load-sharing score.

Background: 25-hydroxy vitamin-D (25(OH)D) deficiency is prevalent worldwide including India. Earlier some cross-sectional studies have discussed 25(OH)D deficiency and its prevalence. The correlation of 25(OH)D with seasonal variation has been reported rarely in India. To determine the 25(OH)D levels and seasonal changes of 25 (OH)D status at a tertiary care hospital in North-western India. Materials and methods: 25(OH)D assessments performed in laboratories between 2018 and 2020 was acquired using hospital records. A total of 11,428 assays of serum 25(OH)D were analyzed in the study. Subjects were divided into three groups based on the International Endocrine Society's recommendation for serum 25(OH)D level. The 25(OH)D deficiency <20 ng/ml, insufficiency 20-29 ng/mL and sufficiency >= 30 ng/mL was defined. The months have been separated into the following seasons to analyze seasonal trends: Summer/monsoon (April-September), and winter/spring (October-March). Results: The median 25(OH)D was 17.2 ng/mL. We observed the prevalence of 60 %, 24.1 % & 15.9 % of 25(OH) D deficiency, 25(OH)D insufficiency, and sufficiency respectively in the total number of individuals tested. 56 % male and 63 % females were 25(OH)D deficient. Notably, the lowest median 25(OH)D value was found in the 21-30 age group (14.8 ng/mL). A significant difference in 25(OH)D levels between the summer (18.7 ng/mL) and winter (15.8 ng/mL) seasons has been noticed. Discussion: Current study revealing that 25(OH)D deficiency is common in all age groups and genders, according to our findings. Surprisingly, the lowest levels were reported in young adults. Seasonal variation has an impact on 25(OH)D status, however in all seasons 25(OH)D levels are lower than reference intervals. These findings suggest that the criteria for determining the state of 25(OH)D insufficiency and deficiency in the Indian population should be reconsidered.

Introduction:Congenital pseudoarthrosis is a rare disorder, and mostly occurs in the radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula, but is not reported in the femur. Congenital cases that were reported in the literature, most were associated with neurofibromatosis, cleidocranial dysostosis, congenital constriction band syndrome and fibrous dysplasia and the acquired cases followed fractures of bones or tuberculosis. Since the life span of the patient is affected rarely, clinical examination of these patients and serial radiographs can give us plenty of information about the limb abnormality, its clinical course, and the nature of the underlying disturbance of growth. Case Report:A 3 year female child presents to the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital with complaints of pain, swelling and deformity thigh region right side for 5 months. On examination, Swelling was present [2x2 cm] at the junction of the mid and distal thigh, smooth surface, ill defined edges, soft and non tender. There was abnormal mobility which was noted at the right thigh at the junction of the middle and distal 1/3 right femurMRI reported circumferential periosteal reaction with cortical surface irregularity of the right femoral shaft was also noted. The findings were reported to be concerning for chronic osteomyelitis with non-united fracture & cortical resorption/chronic bone loss. Histopathological sections showed multiple bits of viable bony trabeculae with surrounding fibro-collagenous tissue displaying significant proliferation of fibroblasts, slit-like blood vessels, arterioles and moderate mixed inflammatory infiltrate of plasma cells, few neutrophils, lymphocytes, histiocytes and few multinucleated histiocytes.She was managed with resection of pseudoarthrosis and masquelet procedure stage 1 and later masquelet stage 2 (cement spacer removal, ipsilateral ileac crest bone grafting with fixation with 7-hole distal fibular anatomical plate and bone graft substitute placement [ChronOs]). Conclusion:Idiopathic or primary congenital pseudoarthrosis can involve the femur as well as other long bones. It may or may not be associated with hip dysplasia and the outcome may not be as bad as previously reported in the pseudoarthrosis of other long bones.

In India, three major and effective technologies for underground coal mining are continuous miners (CM), shortwalls, and longwalls. According to the relevant literature, the available studies have not been able to successfully link the productivity of CM-based systems to the related independent parameters. However, this study makes an effort to find correlations between a number of independent variables and production-related attributes using regression modelling and curve fitting. A combined relationship was constructed considering all independent parameters as input and production-related parameter as output, and a relationship was made considering each input parameter separately with the production-related parameter as output. The idea of their strong association to represent the interrelationship conveyed by their statistical goodness of fit (R2 and RMSE) and the results of the t-test further support their relevance. The greatest R2 value was shown for seam thickness (0.8779), followed by pillar area (0.84), gradient (0.8112), and coal strength (0.6008). Besides geo-mining input parameters, the cutter motor power has shown a better correlation with production-related parameter, with its corresponding R2 values of 0.8033. The pertinent data from three CM panels (not considered during equations generation) were then incorporated into the derived interrelationships. These validation results were then compared using a t-test to the equivalent actual field data, which revealed a minor discrepancy. The interrelationships were found to be applicable and pertinent in CM-based underground coal mining situations.