The article presents the results of a study on the connectivity of regions of Asian Russia based on indicators of permanent population migration as a variety of interregional interactions. It is assumed that the presence of intensive migration exchanges between regions indicates the connectivity, as do their sustainability and stability over time. The study use statistical data on interregional population migration of the Siberian Federal District, the Far Eastern Federal District, and Tyumen Oblast for 2015, 2019, and 2023. The study calculates the intensity (rate) coefficient of interregional migration flows between all pairs of regions of Asian Russia. Then, pairs of regions with the most pronounced values of migration exchange indicators were selected, followed by identification of groups of connected regions classified by geography (geographical proximity, common borders). The intensity of migration exchanges within those groups is higher than with territories outside. These groups are the Western and Southern groups in Western Siberia, the Yenisei and Baikal groups in Eastern Siberia, and a group of regions of the Far East. The study shows general trends in the migration processes: a decrease in migration exchanges and “Western drift,” which means that the intensity of the westward migration flow is higher than the intensity of the eastward migration flow. It describes the interregional migration connectivity according to the following parameters: the intensity of migration exchanges, natural or institutional genesis of connectivity, symmetry or asymmetry of migration flows, forms of connectivity, and sustainability of migration connections. To assess the sustainability of interregional migration connections, first, the study compares the values of migration intensity (rate) coefficients over several years, and second, it uses data from the 2020–2021 All-Russian Population Census regarding in which regions the natives of certain territories of Asian Russia live.

This article examines the history of research by the Novosibirsk Economic–Sociological School (NESS) in the field of analysis of social problems of territories from the early 1960s to the present. The logic and main stages of the development of the NESS are shown in the works of its founders, successors, and modern researchers. The consistent transformation of both the complex of problems studied and the sociological tools used is considered. The analysis of the problems of migration between rural areas and cities and the development of a typology of rural settlements were subsequently supplemented by studies of the processes of urbanization and spatial mobility of the population and then by a systematic study of the socioterritorial structure of Soviet and Russian society. The stable features of the NESS are noted, traced in the works of authors of different generations, devoted to spatial mobility and the functioning of socioterritorial structures. These include the use of a systems approach to setting objectives and designing research projects; the use of complementary data sources; conceptual differences from the political mainstream, allowing researchers to draw conclusions that do not always coincide with government policy and the current conjuncture; a desire to use the latest tools for collecting and analyzing sociological data; and a desire to be included in the global context.

The article presents the results of a study of the connectivity of the regions of the South of Western Siberia based on the indicators of population spatial mobility—one type of interregional interactions. The types of subregional and interregional connected spaces, including conurbations, are described. The possibilities of using various data sources to study the spatial mobility of Russians are shown. The socioeconomic and infrastructural features of the regions of the South of Western Siberia are also described. Data on travel time between regional centers when traveling by car, bus, or train were analyzed. It was revealed that the time spent traveling between such cities is minimal by car. The transport connectivity of all cities with Novosibirsk is better than with each other, which indicates that the space of the South of Western Siberia is monocentric for this indicator. To determine the migration links of Siberian regions based on Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) data, the values of the coefficients of interregional migration links intensity were calculated in pairs between regions. Closer migration links between the regions of the Western Siberia’s South show their connectivity, and the presence of several pairs of territories among them with more intense migration links indicates the polycentric nature of macroregional migration interactions. Based on sociological data obtained in telephone surveys with people in Tomsk oblast and Altai krai in 2021, spatial mobility is described using the case of occasional trips outside the region according to such parameters as intensity, direction, modes of transport used, and purpose of travel. It was revealed that the structure of priority directions of occasional mobility coincides with the directions of intensive migration movements. Among the vehicles used on occasional trips, passenger vehicles predominate; the key purposes of occasional mobility are social, recreational, and work. The analysis shows that spatial connectivity through the population mobility is ensured largely due to the desire to maintain social contacts.

The insufficient spectral resolution of the energy-dispersive total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) complicates the U and Th Lα lines using for the quantitative determination of low concentrations of these elements in natural solid samples.

This work is dedicated to the study of ecological and geochemical state of mountain-stepper landscapes of the OlkhonIsland, LakeBaikal, which are influenced by modern human-caused impact. The main goal of our research is the assessment of the soil pollution level caused by entry of heavy metals into soil cover. We studied the distribution of toxic elements such as Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, which is based on atomic absorption and X-ray fluorescence methodology. To evaluate the contamination of the soils examined, we appliedgeoecological indices used in ecological-geochemical assessment such as enrichment factor, contamination factor, degree of the contamination and pollution load index were applied. During the research, we made the following conclusions. The tests revealed the elevated contents of Cd, Co, Pb, Ni, Zn in the soils examined. Namely, the degree of the contamination for the mean metal contents in all five profiles (A, B, C, D, E) indicated moderate pollution level of the environment. The pollution load index for all profiles denoted that C profile was heavily polluted; A, B, D and E profiles were moderately polluted. Thus, the obtained primary results indicated the moderate soil pollution level at all profiles in the island. Finally, we emphasise that the increase of the contribution of metals from the anthropogenic sources in soils plays an important role in the environment of the island.

The goal of the study was to reveal distinction between the reading practices at different educational levels and to specify the libraries’ place in these practices. The reading practices are determined not only by the new technological (digital) environment but also by the institutional and organizational context and social relationship within the educational environment. The case study of educa-tional institutions of Novosibirsk Academic Center (namely Novosibirsk State Uni-versity and the University’s specialized Academic Research Center) was accom-plished. The data was acquired through structured interviews, questionnaire-based survey supplemented with the statistical data of RAS SB State Public Scien-tific and Technological Library. The majority of high-graders use the library for textbooks and/or if recommended by the teacher. The university library is less involved in the educational process; the students visit the library occasionally (e.g. searching for rare publications or lacking alternatives). The university is not their source of digital documents or full texts either; the students prefer not to scruti-nize the specificity of every database and access procedure and turn to searchable Internet-resources. The library, in student’s opinion, needs modernization for less formal and disciplinary regulations, for more comfort, and polyfunctional envi-ronment of reading rooms.

The study object of this work is the soils of the Priolkhonye mountain-steppe landscapes. This research is performed at the Priolkhonye test site. Annual monitoring for exogenous geological process activity is conducted there. This research aims to study the influence of gravitational geological processes (landslides) on the migration of heavy metals, which are introduced into soil as a result of human agricultural activity. A methodology for the geoecological monitoring of soils based on an assessment of their contamination level by anthropogenic heavy metals, and a transfer mechanism throughout whole migration path (field–landslide–coast) is proposed. The following steps were taken to solve this problem: isolating a fine-grained fraction (<100 μm); determining the Hg, Cd, Pb, and Cu concentrations using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectroscopies, as well as total organic carbon (TOC) content using UV-Vis spectrophotometry; computing various geochemical indices; and describing the migration path of these heavy metals and TOC. The monitoring results showed that these pollutants migrate to the coastal zone as a result of landslides activation. The soil contamination level is increased which can cause negative toxic effects in coastal ecosystems, and could rise to a dangerous level for humans. Thus, the observed changes in the indices and TOC values allow us to assess the geoecological state of the study area; namely, the periods of landslide activity and the supply of these pollutants to the coastal zone.

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) has long been considered a convenient and powerful method for the determination of trace amounts of chemical elements in various types of natural materials. XRF is rapid, reliable, and non-destructive spectroscopic technique, allows performing a direct analysis of solid samples without pretreatment. For the present report, we take advantage of the multielemental capability of the XRF-technique for the determination of major and trace amounts of rock-forming (S-tot, Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, K2O, CaO, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3(tot)) and trace (F, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Pb, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Nd) elements in environmental solid samples. Nowadays, study of the soil cover exposed by human-caused impact is an important aspect in understanding the geochemical processes occurring in it. Study object is the biggest territory of the Baikal region named Olkhon, which is a natural area of preferential protection of federal significance and a part of the Baikal National Park. In this study, we have determined chemical composition of the soil upper horizon (similar to 0-15 cm) of meadow-stepper landscapes of the Baikal region (the Olkhon Island) to reveal their geochemical features and heavy metal pollution level. Three varieties of the steppe soils were distinguished: middle loamy, light loamy and sandy loam. For the first time, the influence of soil granulometric features on the content level of the rock-forming and toxic elements in them has been established. In addition, the primary data relating to the assessment of the soil heavy metal contamination have been presented.

Income is one of the most obvious and frequently used indicators of economic status and living standards. Surveys of households and individuals are the main sources of income data for sociologists and economists. Administrative data is added to them on a growing scale. Comparison of data obtained from different sources or surveys using different methods allows us to estimate biases, sources of errors, and demonstrates the absence of “ideal” income data in general. The review of foreign studies on this problem is supplemented by an example of calculations on data from the The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey — Higher School of Economics (RLMS—HSE): we compare the compositional individual income, calculated as the sum of types of income, and the total personal income reported by respondents. The first measurement of individual incomes has turned out to be more consistent and definite, less prone to measurement error, but gives lower values of individual incomes. The differences of the total personal income reported by respondents and compositional individual income are due not so much to the inaccuracy of the summation and rounding as to “conceptual” features of understanding of personal income by some respondents. Such comparisons are necessary in order to understand the limitations of various measurements of income, grounded and reflexive choice of its specific indicators.

This article considers the “Comprehensive monitoring of living conditions” of the Russian population to determine the level of mobility of residents in different regions of the country. The subject matter of the study is the tourist mobility of Russians. A system of equations from the binomial logistic regression model revealed that the probability of a Russian citizen taking a travel tour is mostly influenced by personal factors, such as economic status and physical condition. The impact of transport infrastructure characteristics is absorbed by the income characteristics of individuals; i.e., regional differences in standard of living correlate with the density of the transport infrastructure. Spatial mobility for tourism purposes was found to be associated to a greater degree with land transport infrastructure rather than with air service. Differentiation of Russians with respect to the parameters of spatial mobility of travel actually reproduces economic inequality, while the density of the transport infrastructure, which differs from region to region, tends not to mitigate the impact of economic resources on spatial movement.

Element distribution data in lake sediments are widely used to study environmental and climate change over geological time scales. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) seems to be well suited for fast multi-elemental analysis of small quantities of subsamples obtained by cutting a sediment core at different intervals. The TXRF technique based on the direct analysis of a suspension prepared by mixing 20 mg of powdered sample and 2 mL of an aqueous 1% Triton X-100 solution was applied to the various reference materials of sedimentary rocks and samples of lake sediments to determine Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, and Ba contents. It was shown that the element internal standard, as well the Compton scattered peak, can be used to compensate the error associated with the sample deposition process. Different quantitative approaches have been proposed and evaluated using the reference materials of the sedimentary rocks: (i) internal standardization, (ii) external calibration with correction by means of adding an internal standard, (iii) external calibration with the 'fluorescent-to-Compton' correction. It was shown that the external calibrations can compensate systematic overestimation or underestimation of the TXRF results obtained using the internal standard method, especially for Al, K, V, Cr, Zn, Rb, and Ba. The TXRF results for Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Sr weakly depend on the quantitative procedure.

On the basis of the recently accepted chronostratigraphic chart, Jurassic sedimentation in the Irkutsk coal basin took place over a short time interval (~23 My), from the Pliensbachian (~191 Ma) to the Aalenian (~170 Ma). In this study, we present geochemical and Sm-Nd isotope data for sedimentary rocks of the Prisayan and Kuda formations and those in the upper course of the Angara River, which were deposited over an even shorter time interval (from ~174 to 170 Ma), as indicated by new data on biostratigraphy. Our results suggest that a greater contribution from Transbaikalia compared to that from the Siberian Platform during sediment deposition in the Irkutsk coal basin may reflect the onset of mountain building in Transbaikalia and reorganization of the river drainage network during the Middle Jurassic.

A simple, rapid and non destructive Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (WDXRFS) was developed for the determination of trace elements such as V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb in carbonate rocks with high calcium content. Samples of marble, limestone, fluorite ore and carbonatite-like rocks were chosen as objects under investigation. These samples have wide ranges of major and trace element contents, and high concentration of calcite (70-98%) in calcium rich carbonates. The sample mass required for infinite thickness was calculated for each element. In order to determine V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ba, La, Nd, Ce, sample weighting 1g was pressed with a pressure of 100kN. For the determination of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Pb, the sample mass was increased up to 5g. The calibration curves were constructed by employing the International Certified reference materials (ICRMs) and in-house standard reference materials (HSRMs) of various types of rocks and sediments, and the matrix effects were taken into account using the influence coefficients (α-correction equations). Analytical figures of merit have also been assessed. The calculated values of the instrumental limit of the detection were within the interval from 0.5 to 4.0mgkg-1. The repeatability and reproducibility were found to be satisfactory with the relative standard deviations lower than 5%. The accuracy was evaluated by the analysis of two reference materials and the comparison with the ICP-MS results. A good agreement was achieved between the reference and measured values with recoveries ranging from 85% to 115%. The relative disagreements between the XRF and ICP-MS results were less than 10%.

Isotope–geochemical studies of Mn, P, and Ba ores were performed in order to establish the influence of submarine hydrotherms on the formation of Early Cambrian sedimentary rocks of the southern environs of the Siberian Platform. Based on study of the geochemical and isotope (εNd) characteristics of the shallow-water Mn and Ba ores and phosphorites of southern environs of the Siberian Platform with similar ages, two types of sedimentary basins of the different geodynamic origins were distinguished: intraplate oceanic and those of the active continental margin, for which the sources of ore materials differ by the proportions of the mantle and contaminated crustal matter.

The paper present results obtained from analysis of data about nonfinancial assets owned by or at the disposal of Russian households. The study was based on data from Integrated Monitoring of Living Conditions of the Russian Population (Rosstat, 2011), representing the general population and federal districts. Taking into account the content of the database, the nonfinancial wealth of households included the following assets: primary residence and other residential property, cars and other vehicles, garage, land plots, and business ownership or equity. The main asset of families in Russia is their housing (which on average is owned by 86% households in the country); the next most common asset is land (in ownership or use, 49% households); the third leading assets is cars (owned by 37% of households). Each asset was assigned points accounting for its characteristics, which enabled us to integrally assess the property assets held by each household and to identify six layers characterized by their holdings of nonfinancial assets. The layers are arranged from the group with the least wealth to the group with the largest: the lowest layer (13.6% of households), base layers with holdings lower (30.3%) and higher (28.1%) than the average, and the layer with moderately high (16.2%) and the highest (5.8% of all households) holdings of nonfinancial assets; there was also a separate stratum of households with no assets (6.1%).

A technique of the trace elements (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sr, and Ba) determination in rocks with high calcium content using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence S8 TIGER spectrometer have been described. Samples of marble, limestone, and fluorite ore have been chosen as investigative objects. Conditions of the sample preparation for X-ray fluorescence analysis ( XRF ) and intensities of analytical line measurements have also been determined. Samples weighing 1 g were pressed as tablets on the boric acid base with a pressure of 100 kN. Variation coefficients, characterizing the reproducibility of the analytical signal measurement and the stability of the sample preparation were estimated. These values were not more than 3%. α-correction equations were used for accounting for the matrix effects. Analytical figures of merit such as detection limits and accuracy have also been assessed. The calculated values of the detection limits for the determined elements were within the interval from 0.5 to 4 ppm. The values of the total relative standard deviation were in the range of 3.7-10%. The accuracy check for the XRF results has been carried out using the Certified Reference Materials of carbonaceous content and the comparison with the ICP-MS results. It is displayed that the XRF results do not contain significant systematic errors. Keywords: X-ray fluorescence analysis, XRF, carbonaceous rock, fluorite ore, trace elements. (Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.2.001 S.I. Shtel’makh, T.Yu. Cherkashina, G.V. Pashkova Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation

A technique of the trace elements (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sr, and Ba) determination in rocks with high calcium content using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence S8 TIGER spectrometer have been described. Samples of marble, limestone, and fluorite ore have been chosen as investigative objects. Conditions of the sample preparation for X-ray fluorescence analysis ( XRF ) and intensities of analytical line measurements have also been determined. Samples weighing 1 g were pressed as tablets on the boric acid base with a pressure of 100 kN. Variation coefficients, characterizing the reproducibility of the analytical signal measurement and the stability of the sample preparation were estimated. These values were not more than 3%. α-correction equations were used for accounting for the matrix effects. Analytical figures of merit such as detection limits and accuracy have also been assessed. The calculated values of the detection limits for the determined elements were within the interval from 0.5 to 4 ppm. The values of the total relative standard deviation were in the range of 3.7-10%. The accuracy check for the XRF results has been carried out using the Certified Reference Materials of carbonaceous content and the comparison with the ICP-MS results. It is displayed that the XRF results do not contain significant systematic errors. Keywords: X-ray fluorescence analysis, XRF, carbonaceous rock, fluorite ore, trace elements. (Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.2.001 S.I. Shtel’makh, T.Yu. Cherkashina, G.V. Pashkova Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation

The article gives the results of the analysis of tangible assets owned by or at the disposal of Russian households, i.e. their non-financial wealth. The structure of ownership for each of the assets and the complex (non-monetary) assessment of how well households are provided with assets are considered separately for each federal district and inhabited locality with different population. The paper demonstrates regional and settlement discrepancies in the amount of property or non-financial wealth of Russian households. It has been found that the characteristics of the place where a household resides make a substantial contribution to the householdu0027s chances to have a certain level of non-financial wealth; but this contribution is significantly lower than one of the characteristics reflecting how strong and prolonged are the efforts of the household members to create wealth. It is revealed that differences in wealth are more closely related to the settlement aspects of the household’s place of residence than to the regional ones