The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature on school-based programs that have been developed to address body image among adolescents. A literature review on this topic has not been conducted since 2013, warranting the need for an updated review since the proliferation of social media and other societal changes. Articles were included if they were published from 2011-2022; 2011 to 2022; described programs implemented in secondary schools in the United States or Canada; and included at least one measure of body image improvement, awareness, or knowledge in the program assessment. The article search involved identifying keywords and applying them to searches in specific databases, including Academic Search Complete, ERIC, MEDLINE, ProQuest Dissertations, PsycInfo, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search parameters yielded eleven articles, which included studies with both co-ed and female-only samples. None included gender-inclusive curriculum or survey demographics. For most studies, researchers used small sample sizes, self-reported data, and single-site samples. Most included a measure on eating disorder risk in addition to one or more body image measures. Researchers should conduct future studies with larger and more diverse samples. Areas of need include implementing comprehensive programs in the school setting, promoting inclusivity to incorporate gender identity/fluidity, and using experimental research designs with longitudinal assessments.

Background. Many students in urban public schools are unaware that they need prescription glasses or have access to them, which can potentially compromise their academic performance. Methods. A longitudinal, retrospective, matched cohort design was employed over a three-year period. A two-way mixed analysis of variance was used to examine differences in English/language arts (ELA) and mathematics scores between students who received glasses and their matched pairs over a three-year period. Results. A total of 162 students from an urban school district in the Midwest were included in the study. There was no statistically significant interaction between receiving glasses and time on either the ELA or math standardized test scores, indicating that providing glasses to students allows them to perform at the same academic level as their matched pair, when performing at the same rate at baseline. Discussion. The school-based eye care program helps students maintain their academic performance as they matriculate through school, keeping them on pace with their peers who do not require corrective vision.

BACKGROUND:Academic success and retention remain priorities on college campuses. Excessive cell phone use, test anxiety, and poor sleep habits are all associated with negative academic performance. OBJECTIVE:To assess college students' perceptions of a health communication campaign designed to improve study habits and wellness behaviors during exams. METHOD:Researchers used a cross-sectional research design to assess participants' (n = 264) perceptions of the study tip messages. Linear regressions were conducted to determine if the number of messages read was predictive of readiness to change. RESULTS:Nearly all participants agreed that the messages were appealing (84.4%), believable (89.8%), relevant (91.5%), provided useful information (91.5%) and a good reminder of how to study (87.1%). Students who reported reading more messages indicated a higher level of readiness to improve their study habits (F(1,219) = 8.89, p = .003, R2 = .04). CONCLUSIONS:Students found the messages useful; their intentions to study increased the more they were exposed to messages.

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the process for developing a reliable and valid survey instrument guided by the protection motivation theory to evaluate nurses' health behaviors toward an infectious disease such as Ebola. Methods: The instrument was developed and tested through a systematic process that included a literature review, focus group, validity testing, and reliability testing. Results: The outcome variable, protection motivation, contained two elements, determined by principal component analysis. The instrument's internal consistency had a Cronbach's coefficient (alpha) of .80 or greater. Conclusion: The development and testing of an instrument based on PMT constructs as the theoretical framework have demonstrated a relationship between the perceived threat toward the disease and the proposed coping process needed to address the disease.

Background: Cannabis vaping has become increasingly popular among college students. The purpose of this study was to use the Integrated Behavioral Model to better understand students' motivations for engaging in this high-risk behavior. Methods: A survey instrument was developed to assess six IBM constructs, as well as past use of cannabis and nicotine, and cannabis vaping behavior changes related to COVID-19. A structural equation model was used to assess the effects of IBM predictors on Behavioral Intention. Results: The IBM predictors accounted for 54.2% of the variance in Behavioral Intention. The strongest path coefficients on Behavioral Intention were Perceived Norm and Experiential Attitude. Conclusion: The results from this study can be used to design interventions to decrease cannabis vaping use among college students. More specifically, social norm interventions and addressing other misconceptions about vaping cannabis, appears to be a promising theoretical approach to help ameliorate this unique public health challenge.

This study is a cost-benefit analysis examining an urban district's partial school nurse coverage conversion to full-time coverage. Through a partnership with a health care system, the district received funding, resulting in the hiring of full-time nurses to cover all K-8 elementary schools. Researchers compared the cost of nursing services to the savings in teacher, secretary, principal, and parent productivity, reduced medical procedure costs, and grants nurses managed. The year before implementing additional nurses, the return on investment (ROI) to the community for nursing services was calculated to be $1.59 for every dollar invested in schools with full-time coverage and $1.29 for schools with partial coverage. After implementing full-time nurses in each school, there was an ROI of $1.50 during the 2015-2016 school year, $1.64 for 2016-2017, and $1.67 for 2017-2018. The analysis provides evidence that full-time coverage could result in a positive ROI for schools and the community.

BackgroundExcessive alcohol use among college students and the associated consequences experienced is a serious public health concern for university officials. Event-specific drinking occasions, such as "game-day" are of special concern.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess campus officials' perceptions of implementing a policy regulating alcohol consumption during tailgating.MethodsResearchers used a cross-sectional research design to survey Division-I Football Bowl Subdivision schools.ResultsAlthough enforcement varied, most institutions (68.4%) had a policy regulating alcohol during tailgating. Multiple regression analysis revealed that perceived benefits was the only construct predictive of having a policy; therefore, to advance prevention efforts, the advantages of this policy should be emphasized.DiscussionAddressing alcohol use on college football game-day is imperative to promoting student health and well-being.Translation to Health Education PracticeHealth education specialists, presidents, and other university leaders need to take a proactive stance regarding prevention issues, including during college sports events, because they are ultimately responsible for the safety of students, faculty, staff, and visitors.

Overdose due to the misuse of opioids continues to escalate in the United States. The purpose of this formative study was to assess how the social network of people who use opioids perceive fear appeals and positive framed messages to promote the use of naloxone. During central intercept interviews, participants assessed one fear appeal and one positive framed message. As indicated by a conditional logistic regression model, participants perceived the fear appeal message to be more effective than the positive framed message, but there were no differences in their perceptions based on specific message assessment criteria. Additional research is necessary to determine which message results in behavior change.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The objective of this study is to evaluate the Respect YOU program's impact on students' eating expectancies, body image satisfaction levels, self‐efficacy, and knowledge. A total of 444 (intervention cohort n = 348, control cohort n = 96) underclassmen enrolled in health or physical education courses from 7 high schools in the Midwest participated in the study. METHODS A repeated measure research design was utilized to assess students' eating expectancies, body image satisfaction levels, self‐efficacy, and knowledge. More specifically, paired t‐tests were conducted to compare outcome measurements to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention. RESULTS Among the students who received the intervention (n = 348), there was a statistically significant change in scores for eating expectancies ( Z = −14.403, p < .001), body image satisfaction levels ( Z = −14.114, p < .001), social media self‐efficacy ( Z = 14.868, p < .001), and knowledge scales ( Z = −16.100, p < .001) at post‐intervention and compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that the Respect YOU program was effective in improving body image scores, eating expectancies, self‐esteem, and knowledge‐related outcomes among students post‐intervention. These results can be used to further develop educational programming to address body image concerns and disordered eating among adolescents.

College students tend to underestimate the risk associated with e-cigarette use while overestimating the prevalence of this behavior. The purpose of this study was to compare the perceived effectiveness of social norms messages to other theoretical appeals regarding the prevention of e-cigarette use. Researchers surveyed 586 college students who assessed five messages. Different appeals were featured in each message. A Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM) was used to calibrate students' responses to seven items assessing each communication message. The results from the multiple regression models revealed that vape-users were less receptive to the messages than abstainers, and among vape users, males expressed lower message endorsement than females. Overall, the clinical appeal received the highest endorsement in Rasch calibrated logit unit measures, ( M = 3.36 for abstainers and M = 2.41 for vape-users), whereas the social norms message was the least favored ( M = 1.41 for abstainers and M = 0.22 for vape-users). Qualitative analyses revealed common themes of skepticism and a need for credible scientific information. Findings suggest college students prefer clinical evidence over normative information. An experimental design is needed to determine the extent to which messages influence behavior change.

The purpose of this literature review was to summarize the alcohol-related research associated with college football sporting events. Ten databases were used to identify refereed journal articles. The search parameters yielded 25 articles, which addressed topics such as epidemiological trends (consumption behaviors, negative consequences, and gender differences regarding alcohol use), social norms, and policies. Findings provide an overall assessment of the research conducted regarding alcohol-use patterns and policies specific to college sports. Overall, randomized controlled trials, national data sets, evaluation studies, and qualitative research are needed to further advance the knowledge base in this area

Background The ability of walking a quarter mile is predictive of subsequent disability, mortality, and health care costs. Individuals with mobility disability are at increased risk of chronic conditions and unmet care needs. Thus they may misuse prescription medications to self-medicate. Objectives We aimed to explore the difference of misuse of four types of prescription medications (sedatives, tranquilizers, painkillers, depression medications) and overall misuse by mobility status and identify the correlates of overall misuse. Methods A national probability sample from the survey Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) was used to assess the difference in misuse by mobility status during 2011-2014. To assess the correlates of misuse, mobility status, usual source of care, unmet care needs, insurance coverage, sociodemographic variables, and clinical conditions were added to a survey weighted logistic regression model with backward selection. Results Compared to those without mobility disability, individuals with mobility disability had higher risk of misuse in most types of medications and in overall misuse. Mobility disability, lower education, unmarried status, the emergency room or public health clinic as the most often used care, pain, and depressed affect were identified as correlates of overall misuse of studied medications. Conclusions Individuals with mobility disability are a vulnerable group susceptible to medication misuse, which warrants the urgent need for interventions to ameliorate misuse and reduce risks in this population.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes and perceptions of college undergraduates regarding cannabis vaping. Participants: Twenty-one, predominantly male (71.4%; Mage = 22, SD = 2.09), undergraduate college students who reported vaping cannabis in the past 30 days. Methods: Participants were interviewed to determine their attitudes and perceptions regarding cannabis vaping. Findings: Thematic analysis uncovered six primary themes and eighteen subthemes. Main themes included (1) Convenience, (2) Discreetness, (3) Mood-Altering Experience, (4) Social Acceptability, (5) Health and Safety, and (6) COVID-19 Pandemic Impact. Conclusion: College students who use cannabis tend to both vape and use combustible methods, depending upon social and physical environment. This population tends to vaporize cannabis for its perceived mood-altering properties. Additional research is needed to further examine the behaviors and attitudes surrounding cannabis vaping among college undergraduates, as well as the development of interventions specific to this demographic.

The demand for transplantable organs has outpaced the supply. Thus, 20 Americans die every day while waiting for an organ. Although most adults support organ donation, 42% are not registered. The rate is even lower among young adults who are not enrolled in/never graduated from college. The aim of this study was to use the Integrated Behavior Model (IBM) to identify factors that predicted organ donation registration among a racially diverse sample of non-student young adults. The study was observational and cross-sectional. Proportional allocation was used to identify a racially diverse sample of 550 non-student, young adults from ten states in the U.S. with the lowest registration rates. A valid and reliable survey was designed, pilot-tested, and administered. A total of 407 young adults completed the survey (74%). Only 19% were registered donors. Caucasians were more likely to be registered donors than racial minorities, χ² (3, N = 407) = 15.19, p = 0.002. Those with more positive direct attitudes toward registration were 1.5 times more likely to be registered than those who had negative direct attitudes. Among non-registrants, indirect descriptive norm and direct attitude were statistically significant predictors of behavioral intention. Moreover, those who knew someone who donated an organ and knew someone who needed a transplant were nearly three times more likely to intend to register in the next year. The IBM proved useful in elucidating factors that predicted intention to register among non-student young adults. The IBM should be used by those who desire to increase registration rates.

Undergraduate student attrition is correlated with poor academic performance, and success is often predicated on students' ability to develop and employ appropriate and healthy study habits. This study describes the development and formative evaluation of a brief video designed to enhance college students' study and wellness behaviors. A pre-post design was used to survey undergraduate college students (n = 397) at one mid-sized public university. Students assessed the video on its perceived effectiveness and their likelihood to change their study behaviors as a result of watching the video. Qualitative feedback provided additional insights regarding students' perceptions of intervention efficacy. After watching the video, students self-reported stronger likelihood to study in 2-hour blocks (Z = -11.157, p < 0.001) and to avoid looking at their cell phones while they studied (Z = -12.982, p < 0.001). Students also self-reported increased likelihood to reduce caffeine consumption and remain calm during exams. Four qualitative themes emerged: helpfulness, self-reflection, anxiety/distress associated with exams, and desire for more information. The use of a brief video may influence students' likelihood to study and improve self-care during exams, particularly in combination with other interventions that reinforce concepts from the video. Further evaluation of interventions among college students that promote efficacious studying and distraction avoidance are warranted.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the perceived effectiveness of a social norms message to a fear appeal message regarding prescription drug use and alcohol interactions among college students. Participants: Participants (n = 378) were college students enrolled at a large public Midwest university. Methods: Researchers used a cross-sectional research design to collect data from undergraduate college students. Messages were randomly assigned to one of two residence halls and were assessed using an electronic survey. Participants anonymously evaluated the messages based on their understanding, interest, creativity, believability, relevance, and usefulness using an online questionnaire. Results: Results from the General Linear Model analysis indicated a significant effect for the gender x message interaction, with females rating the fear appeal message higher than males. Significant effects were also found for the main effects of gender, message type, and Greek status. Conclusion: Overall, students preferred the fear appeal to the social norms message. Participants found the social norms message less believable than the fear appeal and indicated they understood the fear appeal better than the social norms message. However, social norm messages appeared to resonate better with abstainers than with regular alcohol users.

Naloxone hydrochloride (naloxone) is an effective fatal opioid overdose prevention strategy. The study findings describe former opioid users’ phenomenological perspectives regarding their social network, settings of use, and the benefits and barriers to naloxone. Participants ( N = 25) with at least 6 months of recovery time ( M = 30, SD = 14.40) were interviewed individually for an average of 21 ( SD = 5.13) min. The sample was predominately male, Caucasian, and non-Hispanic with an average age of 37 ( SD = 7.22) years. Interview transcripts were analyzed using systematic thematic analysis. During their period of opioid use, most participants differentiated the members of their social network as other people who use opioids (PWUO) and nonusers. The participants described several opportunities for members of their social network to use naloxone. They discussed barriers to naloxone use specific to PWUO within their social network such as apathy toward overdose. Future interventions should be tailored to address naloxone use barriers specific to PWUO and nonusers.

Background: Electronic cigarettes, also referred to as e-cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), are devices that heat a liquid substance into an aerosol which the user inhales. Typically, the liquid includes nicotine, flavoring, and a carrier fluid such as propylene glycol or vegetable glycerin. When electronic cigarettes became widely available in the US market in 2007, they were intended for nicotine consumption, and briefly marketed as tobacco cessation tools. Within certain subcultures of young adults, vaping quickly became popular. A growing number of studies indicate that people are using these devices to inhale substances other than nicotine, referred to as ‘other substance use in e-cigarettes’ (OSUE) by Kenne and colleagues. Some of these other substances include synthetic cannabinoids, methamphetamine, 3-4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other amphetamines, cocaine, and heroin. While national prevalence data are lacking, cannabis appears to be the most prevalent OSUE, as Jones et al report that 29% of college students vaped cannabis in their lifetime. College students appear to vape cannabis at higher rates than young adults in general, only 19% of whom have engaged in this activity within their lifetime. The purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes and perceptions of college undergraduates regarding cannabis vaping. Methods: Twenty-one, predominantly male (71.4%; mean age 22, SD 2.09), undergraduate college students who reported vaping cannabis in the past 30 d were interviewed via telephone to determine their attitudes and perceptions regarding cannabis vaping. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, then coded for common themes. Results: Inductive analysis uncovered six primary themes and eighteen subthemes. Main themes included 1) Convenience, 2) Discreetness, 3) Euphoric Experience, 4) Social Acceptability, 5) Health and Safety, and 6) COVID-19 Pandemic Impact. Conclusions: College students who use cannabis tend to both vape and use combustible methods, depending upon social and physical environment. Typically, they underestimate the risks associated with cannabis use and vaping. Additional research is needed to further examine the behaviors and attitudes surrounding cannabis vaping among college undergraduates, as well as the development of interventions specific to this demographic.

Introduction: The 2014-2016 West African Ebola outbreak impacted the United States. Owing to the sporadic occurrence of the Ebola infection, there is insufficient research regarding how US emergency nurses provide care to patients potentially infected with the Ebola virus and the nurses' motivation to protect themselves when providing care to these patients. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of emergency nurses' protection motivation. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed. A survey developed based on a modified Protection Motivation Theory was administered to randomly selected members of the Emergency Nurses Association. Descriptive statistics, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis H test (as well as post hoc Dunn-Bonferroni test), Spearman rho correlation, and stepwise multiple linear regression were conducted for data analysis. Results: Protection motivation was found in 2 components: proactive and passive protection motivation. Regression analysis indicated that response efficacy (beta = 0.27, P < 0.001) and self-efficacy (beta = 0.17, P < 0.01) significantly predict emergency nurses' proactive protection motivation, whereas perceived vulnerability (beta = 0.26, P < 0.001), response cost (beta = 0.19, P = 0.001), and knowledge (beta = -0.15, P < 0.01) significantly predict emergency nurses' passive protection motivation. Discussion: The results indicate the need for interventions to improve emergency nurses' response efficacy, self-efficacy, and knowledge, while simultaneously reducing the nurses' perceived vulnerability and response cost. Such interventions would be expected to proactively motivate nurses to protect themselves when providing care to patients who exhibit the signs and symptoms of an Ebola infection and reduce their passive protection motivation.