Nature’s contributions to people are the contributions that nature provides to human well-being, a useful approach to understand the relationship between humans and nature. In this study, we assess cocoa farmers’ perceptions of the supply and demand of nature’s contributions to people associated to cocoa productivity and human well-being in the Eastern Amazon. The 687 interviewed farmers highlighted the importance of nature’s contributions to people, with about 64% considering them highly important to cocoa productivity and human well-being. Farmers working in monoculture systems value these contributions more than those in agroforestry systems. Among the most valued contributions, the quantity of water stands out as the most important in terms of supply, while water, pollination, and seed dispersal are the most important considering the demand. Cocoa plays a crucial international role as a major global commodity, particularly for the chocolate industry, and a significant source of income and livelihood for millions of smallholder farmers worldwide. The perceptions of cocoa farmers presented here are fundamental for understanding rural dynamics and can help in formulating public policies that promote regional sustainable development.

Understanding the drivers of bee beta diversity across pristine environments in the Amazon is critical for ensuring biodiversity conservation, restoration, sustainable land use planning and economic development. Here, we aim to reveal the patterns of among-site variation in bee communities between pristine open habitats and pristine forest formations in the Amazon using standardized bee surveys across sites and trait-based analyses (body size, sociality, nesting, buzz pollination and colour). We quantified dissimilarity patterns and evaluated environmental filtering effects to test (1) whether functional diversity can better predict bee beta diversity than taxonomic diversity can and (2) whether environmental filtering determines the predominant bee traits for each environment. Our results revealed a high overall beta diversity across all pristine environments, which was primarily driven by species and functional trait turnover. Compared to taxonomic metrics, functional beta diversity better captured among-site variation, highlighting distinct ecological filtering between habitats to select different sets of traits. A portion of open habitat communities was functionally nested within forest assemblages, suggesting that forests may serve as species reservoirs for open habitats. Forests supported a richer taxonomic and functional bee assemblage, while open habitat communities exhibited specialized traits, including solitary behaviour, exposed nesting, dark coloration and buzz pollination. These findings highlight the importance of landscape heterogeneity and trait-based approaches, which should be incorporated into environmental management, restoration and biodiversity offset plans. From a conservation perspective, our results stress the need to maintain open habitat patches (regardless of their size), which must remain embedded within a forest matrix. With respect to restoration, we show that restoration of open habitats should consider the recovery of adjacent forest habitats to support ecological functionality. Integrated efforts are needed to recognize landscape heterogeneity as a fundamental component of ecological resilience in the Amazon. Incorporation of functional beta diversity into conservation and restoration planning increases the maintenance in the provision of ecosystem services and environmental resilience in Amazonian landscapes.Read the free for this article on the Journal blog. Compreender a beta diversidade de abelhas em ambientes prim & aacute;rios na Amaz & ocirc;nia & eacute; fundamental para assegurar a conserva & ccedil;& atilde;o da biodiversidade, a restaura & ccedil;& atilde;o, o planejamento sustent & aacute;vel do uso da terra e o desenvolvimento econ & ocirc;mico. Nesse estudo, buscamos revelar os padr & otilde;es de beta diversidade entre comunidades de abelhas em & aacute;reas prim & aacute;rias de vegeta & ccedil;& atilde;o aberta e florestas primarias na Amaz & ocirc;nia. Utilizamos amostragens padronizadas em diferentes & aacute;reas e an & aacute;lises baseadas em tra & ccedil;os funcionais (tamanho corporal, socialidade, nidifica & ccedil;& atilde;o, buzz pollination e colora & ccedil;& atilde;o). Quantificamos os padr & otilde;es de dissimilaridade e avaliamos os efeitos do filtro ambiental para testar (1) se a diversidade funcional pode predizer melhor a beta diversidade de abelhas do que a diversidade taxon & ocirc;mica e (2) se a filtragem ambiental determina os tra & ccedil;os predominantes das abelhas em cada ambiente. Encontramos uma alta beta diversidade em todos os ambientes prim & aacute;rios, impulsionada principalmente pela substitui & ccedil;& atilde;o (turnover) de esp & eacute;cies e de tra & ccedil;os funcionais. Em compara & ccedil;& atilde;o & agrave;s m & eacute;tricas taxon & ocirc;micas, a beta diversidade funcional capturou melhor a varia & ccedil;& atilde;o entre locais, evidenciando distintos processos de filtragem ecol & oacute;gica entre habitats que selecionam diferentes conjuntos de tra & ccedil;os. Parte das comunidades presentes em & aacute;reas abertas mostrou-se funcionalmente aninhada & agrave;s comunidades de & aacute;reas florestais, sugerindo que as florestas podem atuar como reservat & oacute;rios de esp & eacute;cies para os habitats abertos. As florestas sustentaram comunidades com maior riqueza, taxon & ocirc;mica e funcional, enquanto as comunidades de habitats abertos apresentaram tra & ccedil;os especializados, incluindo comportamento solit & aacute;rio, nidifica & ccedil;& atilde;o exposta, colora & ccedil;& atilde;o escura e poliniza & ccedil;& atilde;o por vibra & ccedil;& atilde;o. Destacamos a import & acirc;ncia da heterogeneidade da paisagem e de abordagens baseadas em tra & ccedil;os, que devem ser incorporadas ao manejo ambiental, a estrat & eacute;gias de restaura & ccedil;& atilde;o e aos planos de compensa & ccedil;& atilde;o de biodiversidade. Sob a perspectiva da conserva & ccedil;& atilde;o, nossos resultados ressaltam a necessidade de manter manchas de habitats abertos (independentemente de seu tamanho), que devem permanecer inseridas em uma matriz florestal. No contexto da restaura & ccedil;& atilde;o, mostramos que a recupera & ccedil;& atilde;o de habitats abertos deve considerar a restaura & ccedil;& atilde;o de & aacute;reas florestais adjacentes para sustentar a funcionalidade ecol & oacute;gica. A incorpora & ccedil;& atilde;o da beta diversidade funcional no planejamento da conserva & ccedil;& atilde;o e da restaura & ccedil;& atilde;o contribui para a manuten & ccedil;& atilde;o da provis & atilde;o de servi & ccedil;os ecossist & ecirc;micos e da resili & ecirc;ncia ambiental das diferentes paisagens amaz & ocirc;nicas.

The resilience of biological natural capital in the Amazon is strongly influenced by the functional diversity of multitaxa, which promotes the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem. However, biological natural capital, driven by multiple dimensions of biodiversity, is often underestimated by focusing on the taxonomic dimension, such as richness and abundance. We applied a multitaxa and trait-based approach to assess how functional diversity supports natural capital. By using a dataset including woody plants, bees, frugivorous butterflies and songbirds, we created two indices: Biological Natural Capital Resilience (BNCR), the proportion of biological assets needed to maintain natural capital integrity, and Biological Natural Capital Uniqueness (BNCU), the proportion of natural capital sustained by species' functional uniqueness. BNCR results show that, in general, more than 80% of biological assets to maintain the integrity of natural capital, and that the BNCR index reached the highest value when all taxonomical groups are combined. These results reveal that natural capital strongly depends on biological assets and underscore the importance of multitaxa approaches for assessing ecosystem resilience. BNCU values show that a substantial portion of natural capital integrity (from 46.22% to 64.23%) depends on a small subset of functionally unique species, indicating that the loss of few species, which play irreplaceable ecological roles, rapidly reduces ecosystem functioning. Synthesis and applications. This study presents a trait-based framework integrating functional diversity into biological natural capital accounting, capturing both ecosystem resilience and species uniqueness across multiple taxa. It provides ecologically grounded, standardized and reproducible indicators that move beyond single-taxon or purely taxonomic approaches. By embedding these indicators into natural capital accounts, the framework supports conservation prioritization, restoration planning, impact assessment, trend monitoring and scenario testing, offering a practical methodology to evaluate and manage the multiple dimensions of biodiversity within natural capital assessments.

We collected flower-visiting data for 5,201 Amazonian trees species, corresponding to 50% of all known tree species and 94% of all estimated individuals in Amazonia. Bees are the most common flower-visitors responsible for 74% of all studied tree genera and 74.1% of all individual trees, followed by generalist flower-visitors (39.2%). Sixteen tree genera make up 50% of all interactions between tree genera and their flower-visitors. Two of those: Inga, Miconia, each provide more than 2% of all interactions at genus level while six: Protium, Eschweilera, Inga, Pouteria, Ocotea, and Virola each provide more than 2% of all interactions at the estimated tree population level, underscoring the importance of these tree genera in the forest. Forty hyperdominant genera are responsible for half of the fruit resources of the Amazonian disperser community. Nearly 80% of these Amazonian tree species rely on animals for both pollination and seed dispersal, and less than 1% are free from animal involvement in these key life stages. This strong biotic dependence highlights a critical point: animal-mediated interactions are not peripheral but central to the maintenance, regeneration, and spatial structure of Amazonian forests, which makes halting of defaunation in these forests a priority.

Understanding how species traits shape ecological interactions across organizational levels is fundamental to explaining tropical biodiversity. In plant–pollinator systems, competition, niche partitioning, and specialist–generalist strategies are closely linked to functional trait variation, which can influence species coexistence and network structure. Yet, how the functional diversity of interacting groups determines network organization remains poorly understood, particularly in pristine tropical forests. Here, we examined how plant and bee functional diversity structures plant–pollinator interaction networks in a pristine Amazonian forest. Specifically, we evaluated whether functional richness, evenness, and dispersion of plants and bees influence interaction diversity, interaction evenness, network specialization, and connectance, and whether species traits predict species-level specialization. Higher bee functional richness was associated with lower network specialization, suggesting that a broader range of pollinator traits promotes more generalized interaction patterns. In contrast, greater plant functional dispersion and higher bee functional evenness were associated with reduced connectance, indicating that trait differentiation among plants may promote niche partitioning, whereas an even distribution of pollinator functional traits may redistribute interactions among functionally similar species. Solitary bees showed higher specialization than social bees, highlighting their potential importance for the reproduction of plant species with specific pollination requirements. Overall, our findings show that functional trait diversity shapes plant–pollinator network organization at both community and species levels. By integrating functional traits into interaction network analyses, this study advances understanding of the mechanisms supporting niche partitioning, functional redundancy, network robustness, and ecosystem functioning in highly diverse tropical forests.

Pollinators are critical elements of biodiversity as they participate in the reproduction of plant species. Due to their importance in food production, they are one of the most studied groups of ecosystem service providers globally. However, climate change poses a significant threat to this important service delivered to agriculture. We aim to summarize the main advances in Brazilian research on crop pollinators under climate change in the last years, emphasizing future impact predictions. To analyze the effects of climate change on agricultural pollinators, structured data on pollinators and crop species were organized, which also allowed advances in the structuring of data related to the dependence of Brazilian crops on pollinators, as well as determining the value of the pollination service for agriculture. Studies analyzed here cover the following issues: [1] interaction networks; [2] crop pollinators, crop dependence, and pollination service valuation; and [3] climate change impacts. We also present ten recommendations to foster further initiatives related to crop pollinators under climate change.

IntroductionUnderstanding how climate change affects the distribution of Amazonian bumblebee species is essential for their conservation and the pollination services they provide. This study focuses on two poorly known species, Bombus brevivillus and Bombus transversalis, evaluating how future climate scenarios may alter their suitable habitats in the Brazilian Amazon. Identifying potential refugia and vulnerable areas is crucial for developing targeted conservation strategies.MethodsSpecies distribution models were applied using occurrence data from museum records and field collections. Climatic suitability was projected under the baseline period (1970–2000) and two future periods (2021–2040 and 2041–2060) using the high-emission scenario (SSP5-8.5) from the IPCC AR6 report. An ensemble modeling approach combining five different algorithms was used to predict areas of stability, habitat loss, and potential range expansion.ResultsBy 2060, B. brevivillus is projected to lose 41.6% of its current suitable habitat, with significant reductions in northern and coastal regions. Conversely, B. transversalis is expected to retain 89.5% of its current range, showing a westward distribution shift. New climatically suitable areas may emerge for both species, particularly in the western Amazon, potentially serving as future refugia.DiscussionThe findings highlight species-specific responses to climate change, with B. brevivillus being more vulnerable than B. transversalis. These results emphasize the need for proactive conservation measures to protect critical habitats and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Future research should focus on assessing thermal tolerance and habitat connectivity to refine conservation strategies and ensure the persistence of these essential pollinators in changing environmental conditions.

CONTEXT: The sustainability of cocoa production in the Eastern Amazon is increasingly challenged by trade-offs between productivity and environmental conservation. Agroforestry systems (AFS) are often promoted as alternatives to monocultures, yet empirical evidence concerning their long-term performance remains limited. OBJECTIVE: This investigate aims to assess how socioeconomic, productive, and environmental factors influence cocoa productivity across different production systems-AFS, monoculture, and intercropping-and to evaluate the alignment between farmers' environmental perception and objective degradation indicators. METHODS: Data were collected from 514 cocoa producers in Tucuma and Ourilandia perform Norte, Para, Brazil. A multinomial logistic regression model was applied to identify predictors of productivity levels. Principal Component Factor Analysis in conjunction with polychoric correlation matrix was used to construct environmental perception metrics, validated through triangulation in conjunction with MapBiomas land cover data. RESULTS: A temporal trade-off was identified: monocultures showed higher initial productivity nonetheless declined over time due to soil degradation and pest pressure. In contrast, AFS demonstrated greater long-term stability and better environmental outcomes. Older and a greater quantity educated farmers were a greater quantity likely to adopt AFS. Women-managed properties showed higher diversification and lower market vulnerability. Farmers' environmental perceptions correlated significantly in conjunction with objective vegetation and water body coverage data. CONCLUSIONS: AFS offer a viable model for reconciling agricultural productivity in conjunction with environmental conservation in the Amazon. However, structural barriers-including access to education, credit, and technical assistance-hinder wider adoption. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings uphold policy strategies promoting sustainable intensification through incentive mechanisms exemplified by payments for environmental services (PES), gender-inclusive rural extension programs, and territorial development plans. The investigate contributes to the debate concerning tropical agroecosystem management by integrating ecological knowledge, traditional practices, and socioeconomic equity into a multidisciplinary framework.

Forests provide vital food resources, especially for human populations. However, global human-induced changes pose a significant threat to food security worldwide. The biodiverse Brazilian Amazonia is home to 19 million people, many of whom depend on plants for sustenance. Here, we analyse the effects of future projected global human-induced changes, including deforestation and climate change, on edible plants in the Brazilian Amazonia. We used species distribution modelling based on the MaxEnt algorithm to estimate environmental suitability and the effects of future human-induced changes on human populations in the region by 2050 at the municipal level. We identified 228 edible species with valid distribution models. These species exhibited a broad distribution, covering an average of 60 % of the forest area. Most species are expected to show reduced environmental suitability by 2050, contributing to a decrease in species estimated richness, particularly in the eastern, southern, and central parts of the Forest. Impacts were high in municipalities with smaller forested areas. We identified 21 edible species that are potentially resilient to human-induced changes, most of which provide edible fruits and seeds. According to our projected scenarios, most edible species are likely to be affected by human-induced changes. Exploring resilient edible plant species is crucial for food security and supporting forest-dependent populations.

Standardized protocols for monitoring bat assemblages in caves are crucial to achieving the completeness of bat diversity and producing comparable datasets between caves and across timescales. These datasets assist biologists in understanding the bat cave population dynamics, especially in areas affected by mining activities. We assessed the efficiency of methods for bat cave monitoring, and we conducted experiments to test the optimal placement of recorders in the cave, if necessary, the deployment of recorders in each cave entrance, and to assess the minimum seasonal survey effort required to sample bat species richness. Eighteen bat species were recorded using active sampling, and nine species and two acoustic complexes were identified using passive sampling. Combined active and passive methods achieve the highest species richness compared to the sole use of methods. While only 2.5 ultrasound recording nights in each cave were necessary for the acoustic method, the minimum sampling effort to reach 90

We propose an innovative approach that links nature and people to assess the natural capital of tropical forests in the Amazon. Our study location is a protected area inside Eastern Amazon forest, where we defined 14 sampling points and analyzed ten components, which encompass the maintenance of standing forests (nature to itself) and the provision of ecosystem services (nature to people). Five components were used to assess ecosystem functions and five components were used to assess ecosystem services. As for ecosystem functions, we registered 467 species of animals (122 bees, 53 butterflies, 292 birds) and 418 plant species, and a mean interaction diversity of 2.8 (from 480 bee-plant interactions). Based on functional traits, we found that at least 83 % of species must be preserved to guarantee resilience, and that functional diversity relies on 60 % of non-replaceable species. Eleven per cent of birds and 9 % of plants are endangered. As for ecosystem services, carbon storage in soil and vegetation is 41.6 and 173 MgC/ha (on average), respectively. One to four uses by Amazonian traditional communities were reported on 42 % of plants. In the vicinities of the protected area, we found that 66 % of crops (13 from 20 crop species) depend on pollinating bees, and the value of annual crop pollination service is US $4.5Mi. Regarding water protection and local climate regulation, data modelling has shown that the presence of protected forests leads to a 21 % increase in evapotranspiration and a decrease in temperature of 0.4 degrees C. Our framework showed a clear link between the megadiversity found in Amazonian tropical forest and the robust benefits provided to human welfare, highlighting forest conservation as a key element for sustainable development. Advances in understanding the value of forests stimulate significant new opportunities to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of forest conservation and management policies and decision-making.

cangas are iron-rich outcrops where rupestrian fields develop in the Carajás Mountain Range (CMR). canga formations are ancient ecosystems characterized by high levels of endemic and threatened plant species that thrive on iron-rich substrates in the southeastern Amazon uplands. The recent taxonomic validation of these species enables more accurate distribution modeling across past, present, and future time scales. This work presents a comprehensive palynological database for the Amazon canga vegetation, resulting from extensive field and herbarium surveys, as well as the compilation and taxonomic validation of species in the Carajás Mountain Range (CMR). This atlas includes 204 plant species: 10 ferns and lycophytes, 62 monocots, and 132 eudicots and magnoliids (mainly herbs, lianas, and trees). Most flowering plants are pollinated by bees, with secondary pollination by other insects and wind. The taxa co-occur in two geoenvironments: (1) forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols and (2) slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols. Seventeen species are potential domesticates used by Indigenous peoples. This highlights canga vegetation as a unique and diverse ecosystem with various survival strategies, emphasizing the need for precise habitat definitions in paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate reconstructions. This atlas provides a valuable reference for palynological studies, enhancing the vegetation reconstruction, climate history analysis, pre-Columbian influences on vegetation patterns, and ecological monitoring.

BACKGROUND:The frequency and intensity of droughts are expected to increase under global change, driven by anthropogenic climate change and water diversion. Precipitation is expected to become more episodic under climate change, with longer and warmer dry spells, although some areas might become wetter. Diversion of freshwater from lakes and rivers and groundwater pumping for irrigation of agricultural fields are lowering water availability to wild plant populations, increasing the frequency and intensity of drought. Given the importance of seasonal changes and extremes in soil moisture to influence plant reproduction, and because the majority of plants are flowering plants and most of them depend on pollinators for seed production, this review focuses on the consequences of drought on different aspects of reproduction in animal-pollinated angiosperms, emphasizing interactions among drought, flowering and pollination. SCOPE:Visual and olfactory traits play crucial roles in attracting pollinators. Drought-induced floral changes can influence pollinator attraction and visitation, together with pollinator networks and flowering phenology, with subsequent effects on plant reproduction. Here, we review how drought influences these different aspects of plant reproduction. We identify knowledge gaps and highlight areas that would benefit from additional research. CONCLUSIONS:Visual and olfactory traits are affected by drought, but their phenotypic responses can vary with floral sex, plant sex, population and species. Ample phenotypic plasticity to drought exists for these traits, providing an ability for a rapid response to a change in drought frequency and intensity engendered by global change. The impact of these drought-induced changes in floral traits on pollinator attraction, pollen deposition and plant reproductive success does not show a clear pattern. Drought affects the structure of plant-pollinator networks and can modify plant phenology. The impact of drought on plant reproduction is not always negative, and we need to identify plant characteristics associated with these more positive responses.

Protected areas worldwide have been recognized as crucial entities in preserving and conserving forest ecosystem services. These areas play an important role in mitigating climate change due to their carbon stocks. In this study, we characterized the aboveground carbon stocks (AGC) across different forest types for the Protected Area Carajás National Forest in the Eastern Amazon, based on data from 387 forest inventory plots and two distinct AGC maps from remote sensing and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data fusion—GEDI and EBA. The estimates of AGC from field data showed higher amounts of AGC in the open forest formations (187.20 ± 46.83 MgC ha ^−1 ), followed by dense (105.90 ± 42.56 ha ^−1 MgC ha ^−1 ) and transitional forests (48.86 ± 31.72 MgC ha ^−1 ) with lower amounts under seasonal forests (38.65 ± 9.48 MgC ha ^−1 ) and secondary forest areas (>23 MgCha ^−1 ). However, the dense, seasonal, and transitional forests exhibited higher carbon density than the open and secondary areas in both AGC maps analyzed. We emphasize the significant importance of monitoring open and seasonal forest areas, due to the gap in field data for these forest types in Amazonia. Here, we underscore the importance of more standardized forest field data and better plot distribution in non-disturbed areas to reduce the uncertainty of AGC estimates and improve the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest fires.

Although the importance of insects in pollination is well recognized, the role of vertebrates in this important ecosystem function remains to be addressed. The need to understand this role is especially urgent due to the risks posed by climate change, which threatens populations of native species and affects their interactions and the ecosystem services they provide. Our study aimed to define a novel list of criteria to analyze the role of Amazonian mammal species as pollinators and apply these criteria to all species present in the study area. We also predicted the effects of climate change on endangered mammal species that can act as pollinators. We defined 19 criteria to evaluate whether a mammal species can be considered an effective or potential pollinator and applied these criteria to a list of mammal species present in our study area. Sixty of the 281 species were classified as effective or potential pollinators according to our criteria. Three species were classified as under some degree of threat according to current red lists, with a fourth species being taxonomically divided and revalidated. Among the four threatened species selected for species distribution modelling, one species, Saguinus niger (É. Geoffroy), was unlikely to find climatically suitable habitats in the future scenarios analyzed, suggesting the need to plan actions for conservation. Knowledge about the role of species in nature is important for designing conservation programs and making decisions aimed at protecting biodiversity.

Summary Cocoa is an important agricultural product that plays a crucial role in local communities in South America. In Brazil, it is traditionally grown in agroforestry systems, which are more sustainable and contribute to biodiversity conservation. However, the recent expansion of intensive monocultures in tropical forests poses significant threats to this activity. Using historical data on land use and cocoa productivity at the municipality level from Brazil’s primary cocoa-producing states, we show that maintaining and restoring forest cover are positively correlated with cocoa productivity, particularly in areas with less anthropogenic disturbance. This highlights the dependence of cocoa production on ecosystem services. Recent data reveal that in municipalities where local agriculture is less reliant on cocoa, only larger farms have benefitted from increased forest cover, probably due to their greater dependence on fragments of natural habitat for ecosystem services. In municipalities that are more reliant on cocoa, the effects of forest cover were not detected, while strong negative effects of forest fragmentation were observed in both small- and large-scale farms. We emphasize the importance of preserving natural forests near cocoa plantations to optimize productivity in Amazon and Atlantic Forest agroforestry, especially in deforested areas.

Palm trees (Arecaceae) are among the most important plants in the world, providing food and subsistence for various populations, especially in the Amazon region. Many of these trees depend on pollinators to produce fruits. In this study, we evaluated the pollination service values in 13 palm crops in the Brazilian Legal Amazon based on the agricultural production values of each species and their dependencies on pollinators, and we compared the values between forested and non-forested areas. We also aimed to review the scientific literature to present the most important pollinator species of those same palm crops. The total production value of the palms was estimated at US239.9 million/year (2017), and 85

We present a list of Xylocopa Latreille species that occur in Maranhão State, a region where several physiognomic formations characteristic of the Amazon, Cerrado, and Caatinga biomes overlap. The information was compiled through numerous surveys conducted in this territory, in addition to direct consultation in scientific collections, which have many unpublished records. Twelve species belonging to three subgenera were documented: Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) amazonica Enderlein, 1913, X. (N.) aurulenta (Fabricius, 1804), X. (N.) cearensis Ducke, 1910, X. (N.) frontalis (Olivier, 1789), X. (N.) grisescens Lepeletier, 1841, X. (N.) hirsutissima Maidl, 1912, X. (N.) nigrocincta Smith, 1854, X. (N.) transitoria Pérez, 1901, X. (Schonnherria) macrops Lepeletier, 1841, X. (S.) muscaria (Fabricius, 1775), X. (S.) subcyanea Pérez, 1901 and X. (Stenoxylocopa) sp. Of these, two species are reported as first records for Maranhão (X. hirsutissima and X. subcyanea), one for Brazil (X. transitoria), and one for science (X. (Stenoxylocopa) sp.—not yet published).

There is still a lack of practical guidelines for understanding species roles and planning restoration strategies to enhance plant-pollinator interactions and support ecosystem functioning. We applied a network approach to understand the evolution of plant-pollinator restoration patterns and identify priority species, thus advancing restoration planning. Specifically, we compared species composition and network metrics along a gradient of time postdisturbance, from the initial stage of restoration to pristine forest in the Eastern Amazon. We found that mining type is a predictor of species composition. We observed the recovery of interaction diversity and pollinator specialization in the early stages of restoration. Mining type affected connectance, interactions, and species richness, and the restoration stage affected the number of links. From the interactions, we built a trait-based framework to select manageable native species for initial restoration. The species selection framework proposed here is useful not only for forest restoration but also for the restoration of other areas and case studies (e.g. agroecosystems, conservation units, and ecological corridors) and can be adapted depending on the goals of each project. Here, we provide practical information for the management of mined land restoration in the Eastern Amazon and for restoration planning across broader scales.

Climate change is affecting wild populations worldwide, and assessing the impacts on these populations is essential for effective conservation planning. The integration of advanced analytical techniques holds promise in furnishing detailed, spatially explicit information on climate change impacts on wild populations, providing fine-grained metrics on current environmental quality levels and trends of changes induced by estimated climate change scenarios. Here, we propose a framework that integrates three advanced approaches aiming to designate the most representative zones for long-term monitoring, considering different scenarios of climate change: Species Distribution Modeling (SDM), Geospatial Principal Component Analysis (GPCA) and Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA). We tested our framework with a climatically sensible Neotropical stingless bee species as study case, Melipona (Melikerria) fasciculata Smith, 1854. We used the SDM to determine the climatically persistent suitable areas for species, i.e. areas where the climate is suitable for species today and in all future scenarios considered. By using a GPCA as a zoning approach, we sliced the persistent suitable area into belts based on the variability of extremes and averages of meaningful climate variables. Subsequently, we measured, analyzed, and described the climatic variability and trends (toward future changes) in each belt by applying GPA approach. Our results showed that the framework adds significant analytical advantages for priority area selection for population monitoring. Most importantly, it allows a robust discrimination of areas where climate change will exert greater-to-lower impacts on the species. We showed that our results provide superior geospatial design, qualification, and quantification of climate change effects than currently used SDM-only approaches. These improvements increase assertiveness and precision in determining priority areas, reflecting in better decision-making for conservation and restoration.