The aim of this study is to provide a preliminary assessment of the feasibility of using a three-arm buoy as a small-scale point-absorber wave energy converter under the moderate hydrodynamic conditions of the Baltic Sea. The analysed concept combines an axisymmetric three-floater geometry with two energy-conversion pathways: an electric generator and a pneumatic energy-storage subsystem based on compressed air. The study defines the geometrical and buoyancy parameters of the structure and applies two complementary modelling levels: a simplified screening-level energy estimate and a first-order heave-response model. The extended analysis includes the influence of effective operational density, added mass, PTO damping, conversion-path efficiency, heave RAO and hydrostatic stability. The baseline screening estimate indicates that the total daily energy output may amount to approximately 0.409 kWh under average wave conditions and approximately 0.920 kWh for higher waves. The first-order heave-response model shows that, for an assumed electrical conversion efficiency of 10%, the daily electrical energy estimate ranges from approximately 0.88 kWh/day for the lightweight configuration to approximately 4.12 kWh/day for the most heavily ballasted analysed case. The RAO analysis indicates that increasing the operational mass shifts the natural period towards longer wave periods, although the system remains outside resonance tuning for the reference wave period of 6 s. The hydrostatic analysis indicates that the three-arm configuration increases the waterplane second moment of area compared with a single circular buoy of the same waterplane area and provides a more directionally balanced stability response. The results should be interpreted as conceptual and parametric estimates rather than experimentally validated wave-to-wire performance. Further work should include BEM/CFD-based hydrodynamic coefficients, irregular-wave modelling, multi-degree-of-freedom dynamics, mooring-system coupling and laboratory validation.

Distributed energy systems are increasingly important for strengthening critical infrastructure resilience under conditions of technological, climatic, geopolitical, and cyber disruption. However, existing research on energy resilience is still dominated by technical approaches focused on reliability, renewable energy integration, microgrid control, and storage optimisation, while the role of distributed energy systems in the full crisis-management cycle remains insufficiently conceptualised. This article addresses this gap by combining a scoping review, lexicographic and semantic analysis using IRaMuTeQ version 0.7 alpha 2, and a conceptual-methodological framework for assessing distributed energy systems as instruments of crisis management. The main contribution of the study is the M_ZK-DES model, which integrates technological-infrastructural, decision-operational, legal-institutional, and socio-organisational dimensions with four crisis-management phases: prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. The model distinguishes distributed energy systems, distributed energy resources, distributed generation, microgrids, prosumers, energy communities, and energy clusters and links them to measurable resilience indicators. These include SAIDI, SAIFI, energy not supplied, restoration time, share of critical load served, islanding capability, voltage and frequency stability, storage autonomy, procedural readiness, and local coordination capacity. The analysis shows that distributed energy systems may reduce vulnerability to cascading failures, support islanded operation, protect vulnerable consumers, improve emergency power continuity, and strengthen local energy autonomy. The proposed scoring and weighting logic enables future empirical validation, scenario testing, and comparative assessment across regions and crisis types, including extreme weather events, cyberattacks, and supply-chain disruptions. The article contributes to energy resilience and crisis-management studies by offering an integrated and operational framework for evaluating distributed energy systems as practical tools for critical infrastructure protection and continuity of essential public services.

The study presents the results of classifying European Union countries in terms of the degree of achievement of sustainable development objectives in selected areas. A spatial–temporal comparative analysis of EU countries was made in terms of selected assumptions of the concept of sustainable development. It was hypothetically indicated that the EU countries can be divided into three classes in terms of effects related to renewable energy production and smog. Indeed, it was also found that the factor of the percentage share of energy production from renewable sources in primary energy production differentiates EU countries well. It was also pointed out that the factors in the form of air pollution levels of PM2.5 and PM10 dusts differentiate EU countries well, and the time factor has an impact on the grouping of EU countries in terms of the assessment of the quality of the level of implementation of environmental measures. The results obtained using the method of cluster analysis on the population of EU countries using data on energy production from renewable sources and the level of air pollution by PM2.5 and PM10 were the basis for solving the research problem. A research methodology based on cluster analysis was recommended as a practical tool for measuring and assessing the quality level of implemented activities within the concept of sustainable development in selected areas.

Since the early years of the 21st century, there has been a clear critique of the diotic way of farming in the international scientific arena, emphasizing that the existing models of economic development are exacerbating social inequalities and overexploiting natural resources. At the same time, the literature promotes the implementation of a new way of farming that takes into account environmental, social, and economic concerns. We have brought together new methods and ways of farming in these areas into one broad concept, called the conclusion of sustainable development. Within this concept, particular emphasis has been placed on sustainable energy development, the intensive development of technologies based on renewable energy sources, and the advancement of end-user awareness of modern technologies. The aim of this paper was to identify the factors that determine the ecological attitude of users of single-family houses in Poland when making strategic energy decisions related to the choice of heating devices in a household. To solve this research problem, the authors conducted a nationwide survey on a representative sample of single-family house users. In turn, the results were analyzed using log-linear analysis. The results showed that the determinants of the ecological nature of such energy decisions are primarily the age of the house users and their level of education. It was found that younger people are significantly more likely to think about ecology when making decisions related to how a building is heated than older people. In addition, people with a higher level of education are more likely to think about ecology when making such decisions than those with a lower level of education. Findings showed that the gender of the occupant of a single-family house, as well as the size of the town in which the building is located, have no significant impact on the ecological nature of decisions related to the choice of the method of obtaining energy for home heating. It was also shown that territorial variation, i.e., the region of the country, had no effect on this issue. The identification of socio-demographic determinants of the ecological nature of decisions related to the choice of heating devices in single-family houses in Poland fills the research gap and thus contributes to the literature in this area.

The aim of the study was to quantitatively determine the impact of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) solutions on the operational efficiency of logistics warehouses. To achieve this, an extended linear regression model was developed, which, in addition to classical determinants such as the level of automation and service quality, included a variable describing the degree of AI technology integration in the analyzed units. The model was estimated using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method on a synthetic dataset (n = 100), generated based on average statistics from official sources and market proportions. The results of the analysis showed that the AI variable was the only one to achieve statistical significance (p < 0.05), indicating its positive impact on warehouse performance. The coefficient of determination for the extended model was R² = 0.061, confirming the validity of its construction. The study indicates that integrating AI with warehouse processes may be a key factor in enhancing operational efficiency and organizational competitiveness. The results obtained justify the need for further research using empirical data and nonlinear models. Model estimation was carried out in the Python environment using the statsmodels library.

With the increasing penetration of renewables, the importance of electrical energy storage (EES) for power supply stabilization is growing. The intermittency of renewable energy sources remains the main issue limiting their rapid integration; however, the development of high-capacity batteries capable of storing large quantities of energy offers a way to address this challenge. This article presents and describes dedicated algorithms for controlling the EES system to enable the provision of individual system services. Five services are planned for implementation: RES power stabilization; voltage regulation using active and reactive power; reactive power compensation; power stabilization of unstable loads; and power reduction on demand. The aim of this paper is to develop new, dedicated energy storage control algorithms for delivering these specific services. Additionally, the voltage regulation algorithm includes two operating modes: short-term regulation (voltage fluctuation stabilization) and long-term regulation (triggered by an operator signal).

The aim of this article is to develop models that can measure probabilistic budget volatility risk in a manner that is not dependent on the type of cost or financing unit. Budgets are essential tools in facilitating the management process of any organization, while budget control helps optimize resource allocation and enhance operational efficiency. Using the methodology of budget deviation analysis can significantly improve the management of organizational units. However, the authors identify a research gap in terms of both methodology and application when it comes to analyzing the risk of budget variances. To address this, the authors develop models based on the theory of extreme values. The models can determine the deviation level for a specific probability level and estimate the limit level of deviation for assumed probabilities. These models can be used to holistically evaluate the level of budget implementation in the enterprise, compare the quality of budget implementation overtime and across units, and identify materiality limits of budget variances. To validate the models, empirical data from the budget control system of a major European city university was used. Empirical distributions obtained from the data were used to determine budget variances that indicate the level of deviation for a given probability level.

This article attempts to identify and analyze the factors influencing the shaping of regional energy policy in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, with particular emphasis on the potential for the development of renewable energy based on biomass. The aim of the publication is to determine the potential for the development of biomass resources, taking into account the criteria of sustainable development, i.e. economic, ecological and social aspects. So far, few researchers have dealt with this subject in a comprehensive way, and so far there has been a lack of detailed research on the potential of biomass in the West Pomeranian Region. The presented analyses are an important contribution to the development of knowledge about alternative energy sources in the energy sector. The research material used in the article comes from various sources, both domestic and foreign, including empirical data from scientific institutes of energy and fuels and regional institutions dealing with energy.

Market entities promote ecological logistics by adapting to the legal changes taking place in Europe, seeing an opportunity in such actions to build positive relationships with consumers. The foundations of the concept of corporate social responsibility, emphasizing the reduction of energy consumption in favor of clean production, limiting post-production pollution emissions, reducing CO2 emissions from transport and warehouse activities, on the one hand, translate into cost reduction for the producer, improvement of the company’s competitive position, and the establishment of lasting relationships with customers. On the other hand, they pose challenges where economic efficiency is a key factor. The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of CSR concepts on the efficiency and security of logistics supply chains.

The purpose of this study is to outline the current problems with the company's documentation workflow process and propose a plan to implement a new automated system to eliminate waste and improve the company's cash flow. Every enterprise is required to accurately record business operations. Accounting is the foundation of an organization, serving not only to meet legal requirements, but also to support management processes. In the case of large enterprises, complex accounting carries the risk of problems with timely and correct accounting, which can lead to delays in payments, reminders, collection procedures and interruptions in deliveries. As a result, it becomes crucial to put processes in place to safeguard liquidity. The study includes an analysis of the company's current documentation workflow process and identification of problems associated with it. A plan is then proposed to implement a new automated system to eliminate waste. The methodology is based on an analysis of the company's internal data and available technological solutions. The main results of the study include the identification of existing problems in the documentation workflow process and a plan for implementing a new system. The findings indicate that improving process efficiency can help increase the company's cash flow. The study introduces a new perspective on records management in enterprises, especially in the context of eliminating waste and improving liquidity. The theoretical value of the work lies in identifying opportunities for effective records management in the context of supporting business processes. The introduction of an automated documentation workflow system can bring practical benefits, such as reducing payment delays, avoiding debt collection procedures and improving the overall efficiency of business operations.

The role of inland navigation in the global logistics system is gaining significance. This process is stimulated by policies implemented by major economies and international organizations such as the European Union. The objective is to achieve sustainability in transportation by exploring alternatives to conventional infrastructure. These initiatives also extend to tourism and recreation associated with inland navigation. This article presents the results of an analysis related to the location of a tourist river port, considering optimized benefits and developmental opportunities. An interesting location meeting these criteria, as well as possessing scenic, cultural, ecological, and environmental values, is Gorzów Wielkopolski. In the second part of the article, the authors propose a concept for a sustainable energy system that meets the requirements of port operations and customer demands in an era of rapidly advancing technology and increased emphasis on environmental protection.

Purpose:The purpose of the study is to try to determine whether there is a relationship between the determinants of a region's innovativeness and the effectiveness of innovation activities carried out by small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) operating in the area.The author formulated the following research hypothesis: (H1) There is a positive correlation between the determinants of a region's innovativeness and the effectiveness of innovation activities carried out by SMEs in a given region.Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is based on the exploratory-descriptive method, which involves the statistical compilation of the collected results in selected analytical contexts.The survey was conducted between July 2023 and September 2023 and included 1,745 companies from all regions of Poland.The analysis uses basic descriptive statistics and measures of innovation effectiveness accepted in the literature.Data was collected through an online survey.Official data published by EUROSTAT and the Central Statistical Office (CSO) were used for comparative analysis of the level of innovation in different regions of Poland Findings: The article examines the relationship between the specific characteristics of the region (geographically and at the national administrative level) and the measurable effects of the innovative activities of SME companies that operate in the region.The author refers to his own previous research in the field of measuring the effects of innovation activities of SME companies.The article identifies key features of the region that significantly affect the innovative efficiency of the SME sector.Practical Implications: The research conducted can be used in two main areas/stakeholder groups: (1) regional authorities -shaping regional policies in support of innovation, (2) SME business owners -increasing the efficiency of innovation activities.

For many years, the amount of waste generated on a global scale has shown an increasing tendency and their management and logistic is becoming a growing problem for most countries in the world. Waste management is an important issue to be addressed, as it concerns the three basic pillars of sustainable development: social, economic, and environmental. Therefore, it seems necessary to take initiatives to reduce the amount of waste generated and improve the waste management system. The article aims to analyse changes in the way of waste management and logistics in the European Union countries and the classification of these countries on the basis of the achieved effects in waste management. The article analyses three selected factors that reflect the effects of achieving environmental objectives in waste management. The cluster analysis method was used for the analysis. It found that EU countries differ in the quality of the results achieved in waste management, depending on the achievement of environmental management and sustainability objectives. In addition, the results of the analysis showed that the time factor has a significant impact on the classification of countries. High dynamics of the quality of effects in waste management were observed in the period under review.

Purpose:The aim of the study was to determine whether the Covid-19 virus pandemic had an impact on the innovativeness of SME enterprises in Poland.The author formulated the following research hypothesis: (H1) The Covid-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the innovativeness of SME enterprises.The author conducted a comparative analysis of key measures of innovation of SME enterprises in three relevant time periods: immediately before the start of the pandemic, during the pandemic, immediately after the end of the pandemic (cancellation of restrictions on the operation of enterprises).The results were aggregated at the regional level.Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is based on an exploratory-descriptive method, involving statistical analysis of collected data in selected analytical contexts.The survey was conducted in three time periods: July 2019, July 2021 and July 2023.The survey covered the same panel of enterprises: 1245 enterprises from all regions of Poland.The data was collected through an online survey.The analysis used measures of innovation effectiveness accepted in the literature and basic measures of descriptive statistics. Findings:The article shows how the Covid-19 virus pandemic has affected the innovation of SME enterprises, with particular reference to the level of: innovation activity of enterprises, innovation expenditures and profits from innovation activities.The study answers the question of whether the restrictions and changes in the operation of enterprises that were introduced during the pandemic had a stimulating or destimulating effect on innovation.Practical Implications: The research conducted can be used in two main areas/groups of stakeholders: (1) national authorities-formulation of economic policies in case of repetition of pandemic threats, formation of regional policies that support innovation, (2) SME business owners-enhancement of the efficiency of innovation activities.

Ensuring energy security is a complex process influenced by many factors. Decisions taken in this area are mostly of a strategic and political nature and cause serious consequences for the entire economy and society. Countries that want to take advantage of the achievements of civilisation, in the absence of their own adequately efficient energy fuel resources, are forced to import them. On the example of Poland, the following have been identified: the causes and level of dependence of the economy on natural gas, threats to the availability of this raw material and formal restrictions on its use as well as its substitutes and energy alternatives. The approach applied in the article is the rational approach to the energy policy issues, and factor analysis including system analysis were used. The authors verified whether the diversified supply of natural gas by sea and the use of biogas can ensure strategic security of supply with this raw material to Poland. The conclusions resulting from the considerations indicate that having the infrastructure necessary for the diversification of gas supplies is no longer sufficient to ensure Poland’s gas security. In 2022, the objective deviation of natural gas on the international market also became a critical factor in this regard.

With technology development approach to cleaning changed as well. The vacuum cleaner robot market suggests a wide choice of different models. Choosing the model with optimal price, engine power, noise level, and other significant parameters is troublesome. In this case, MCDA methods can be helpful, which also proofs that it can also be used to daily decision problems. In this paper, two of them are used: the COMET and the TOPSIS. The first step is to analyze the subject and determine characteristic criteria. The second - selecting some market models which would be ranked. The third - normalize data for the TOPSIS method. After these preparations, both methods can be applied to our models, and alternatives can be ranked. Two MCDA methods were selected to compare MCDA methods based on the distance to reference objects. This simple study case also shows that the COMET method returns more accurate results and presents the advantages of this method. In conclusion, further research directions are shortly discussed. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://crativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of KES International.

With the recent rising number of personal drones, the market is growing with more and more new drones. The actual number of alternatives is unsuspectedly huge. Nevertheless, each year their characteristics are only improving, which only complicate the selection. The manual optimal choice is a significant challenge, likely even impossible. Still, the most efficient way to estimate the ranking of the alternatives is a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). In this paper, we use MCDA methods towards objective multi-criteria drone evaluation. Our work is based on VIKOR and COMET method which have presented their efficiency in many works with multi-criteria problems. For optimal selection on twelve alternatives of drones, nine criteria were used and two MCDA methods with the same weights. Finally, the result is presented and discussed in the end. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://crativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of KES International.

This study focuses on ‘green’ topic, especially green human capital (GHC) in manufacturing MSMEs in two provinces in Indonesia, namely Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) and Central Java. In this study, green human capital is associated with the improvement of Micro, Small and Medium Entreprises (MSMEs) business performance mediated by innovation activity. The survey is conducted at manufacturing MSMEs in DIY and Central Java Province. The sampling technique is carried out with purposive sampling method with a sample target of 200 respondents. Data collection is conducted by distributing questionnaires to the owners, managers, and both owners and managers of the MSMEs. The statistical technique is done by Analysis of Moment Structure 23. The result shows that GHC is able to improve business performance of the MSMEs mediated by innovation-based activities.

In modern global economy, the ability to create and implement innovations is a key factor in building the enterprise’s competitiveness and increasing its value. Despite indisputable benefits resulting from the implementation of innovation, running innovative activity also generates significant risks and uncertainties associated primarily with the need to incur expenditures on the development and launching of innovation, as well as the inability to clearly determine whether the new product will gain positive market acceptance. The author put forward the following thesis: (H1): there is a positive relationship between innovation efficiency (the number of implemented/absorbed innovations) and the efficiency of innovative activities of enterprises in the SME sector, thus increasing experience in the implementation of innovation processes reduces the risks associated with implementing new solutions and increasing the efficiency of implemented innovation processes. The study used the exploratory-descriptive method, which consists in statistical aggregation of the obtained results in selected analytical cross-sections. Empirical data was obtained using an online questionnaire and study involved 361 companies registered throughout the country, actively operating during the study period.

The importance of innovation is reflected in EU policies which provide large funds for member states on the development of innovation. Despite the large interventions innovativeness of the Polish economy is relatively low. This situation is particularly evident in relation to the SME sector companies. This dichotomy is an important subject of research in the field of economy the SME sector, and the applications can make a significant contribution to the strategy of building aid policy in the field of innovation financing. The purpose of this article is to analyze the efficiency of the use of EU funds for the development of innovation in the Polish SME sector. The author puts the research hypothesis: (H1): allocation of EU funds does not affect significantly the efficiency of innovation activities carried out by Polish SME companies. In order to verify the hypothesis author conducted to compare the effects of innovative activity of SMEs include the division of the company that benefited from EU funds for the development of innovation and the company that not exploited EU funds. The author used the method of the survey. The study was conducted in the years 2014–2016 on a sample of 400 SME sector. In addition, author conducted a critical analysis of the literature of the subject and has used commonly available statistics.