When deploying Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) for ongoing health monitoring, dependability is crucial. The critical masking issue prevalent in conventional sliding window techniques is addressed by the improved fault diagnosis methodology presented in this study. The proposed framework addresses the critical masking problem in sliding window approaches through three complementary mechanisms: (1) a Locked Historical Baseline detection mechanism that locks calibration statistics during initialization, preventing masking effects in persistent faults, (2) Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) integration for drift fault detection, and (3) ensemble voting for robust fault identification. Direct comparison against reimplemented sliding-window methodology on identical conditions $({30} runs \times {6} fault probabilities \times {3} fault types)$ demonstrates 98.3% accuracy vs their 88.0% (+11.6%, p < 0.001). Crucially, the suggested approach ensures that persistent defects are no longer concealed by lowering the False Negative Rate from 12.7% to 0.3%, approximately 97.6% reduction, eliminating masking where sliding windows fail after ~30 minutes. Paired t-tests are used to statistically validate each improvement at the 95% confidence level. In clinical WBAN situations, where missing a problem (Type II mistake) has more serious repercussions than false alarms, the methodologies especially well-suited.

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) play a vital role in saving lives by accurately measuring physiological information in a cost-effective manner. However, reliability and energy consumption remain major constraints in WBANs. Many researchers have claimed that transmission through relay nodes can mitigate these constraints. Therefore, this work proposes a fuzzy-based relay MAC protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.6 model. Fuzzy rules have been used to select the relay node, considering three attributes: residual energy, received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and data rate. The combination of predefined and fuzzy-based opportunistic relay nodes has significantly reduced data relaying failure rates, leading to an increased packet delivery ratio. Through simulation, the performance of IEEE 802.15.6, DMTM-MAC, ADT-MAC and the proposed adaptive fuzzy-based MAC (AFBM) has been compared and analysed. The results indicate that AFBM effectively reduces packet delivery delay and energy consumption while improving data relaying and packet delivery ratios.

Reliability is a critical aspect of wireless biosensor networks. In this context, an efficient methodology for fault diagnosis in wireless biosensor networks under composite fault scenarios is proposed. The methodology consists of three steps: firstly, hard fault detection in sensitive and non-sensitive regions using timeout response and Fletcher's checksum implementation; secondly, soft fault detection through fault status generation using the Z-score test; and lastly, fault classification using a probabilistic neural network to categorize composite faults based on their behaviors. The proposed methodology is particularly well-suited for critical events in wireless biosensor networks. Hard fault detection is implemented in a biosensor network simulation setup, and its performance is evaluated in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption, both before and after fault detection. For the hard fault detection, the proposed methodology improves the packet delivery ratio by-13.04% while reducing energy consumption by-11.96% in the sensitive region. In the non-sensitive region, the average biosensor node and link failure detection rate is-87%. Soft fault detection and classification are evaluated through simulations using human-body biosensor data and relevant fault evaluation metrics. Compared to its existing counterparts, the proposed methodology improves the detection rate by-8.81%, reduces the false positive rate by-33.25%, and reduces the false negative rate by-43.25%. For fault classification, the detection rate for permanent faults is-4.68% higher, and the misclassification rate is-45.09% lower as compared to other fault types. In addition, a T-score is performed to validate the statistical significance of the soft fault detection and classification results at a 95% confidence level. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methodology effectively detects and classifies composite fault scenarios, achieving superior performance compared to existing fault diagnosis methods.

The diverse applications of Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) significantly influences many aspect of human society and life style. One of the prominent research objective of WSNs is to prolong the network life span without degrading its performance. Many researchers have developed cluster based routing and data aggregations technique to meet the above requirements. However, a significant amount of energy has been consumed during cluster formation technique. Therefore, a hierarchical clustering data gathering protocol for multi sink architecture has been proposed. The optimal numbers of sink nodes have been placed to limit communication overhead. In addition to this Additive Silent and Zero Start approach has been adopted to manage the traffic load that increases the lifespan of WSN. The simulation has been carried out in Network Simulator (NS2) and the proposed method outperforms than its existing counterparts with respect to energy consumption, delay, miss ratio and packet delivery ratio.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) plays an important role in healthcare applications like in medical, non-medical and psychological sector for remote monitoring of health conditions of patients. Since the biosensors in WBAN are energy constrained in nature, the architecture of energy efficient and cost sensitive WBAN has attracted the researchers during the last decade. In this paper, a mathematical model for optimization of relay node placement in WBAN using Free Search Krill Herd (FSKH) algorithm because of its diversified phases of searching has been proposed. Furthermore, a routing protocol for energy efficient and reliable for data transmission over WBAN by using Harmony Search (HS) algorithm has been designed. The proposed algorithm has less 11.02

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is a fascinating process that involves identifying and categorizing human activities based on observations of subject behavior and environmental factors. Out of the major phases of HAR, preprocessing and feature extraction, in particular, require a lot of attention because they constitute the foundation for the training phase. The current evaluation effectively examines the trends in vision-based research approaches. Many models based on the artificial intelligence are suggested for the activity recognition; however, they couldn't perform satisfactorily on real world long-term HAR due to their lacuna in the extraction of spatial and temporal data. In light of these drawbacks, we propose a hybrid methodology for the human activity recognition which integrates Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), where CNN works for extracting the spatial characteristics and LSTM is used for the learning of the temporal information. A complete evaluation of the substantial work done in HAR domain and its vision-based techniques would help the readers.

This paper proposes a new medical image encryption scheme employing cascaded Quantum Mechanics and Chaos systems. Firstly, a Quantum Mechanics based Schrödinger wave time signal generates a stream of initial conditions based on electron-free particles within a well. In the second phase, every initial condition is permuted by a series of Logistic map functions to perform chaotic confusion followed by XOR-based encryption with respective block or sub-image. Before that, the original image must have undergone a division of countable blocks. Chaotic map sequences are sensitive to initial conditions and control parameters. The proposed Cascaded Schrödinger Logistic Encryption (CSLE) algorithm can encrypt any grayscale and color image. The key space (2^359) of the proposed algorithm is very high. It is validated against all statistical analysis and major security benchmark tests such as resistance to brute force attacks, differential attacks, key sensitivity tests, correlation analysis, resistance to noise, and plain text attack, along with speed analysis. The proposed CSLE algorithm meets all the NIST test suite standards. The security test result of the proposed algorithm outperforms many existing image encryption algorithms.

The use of Internet of Things (IoT) in the healthcare domain has solved the most problematic healthcare issues of human being. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a significant breakthrough of IoT. However energy efficiency & reliable transmission of Quality of Service (QoS) parameter of WBAN has been a challenging task for the researchers. In this context, a Honey-BEE algorithm has been introduce for load balance between queues and scheduling of data packets from the queues of PD. This paper has the major contribution is to minimize packet drop, resulting in enhanced WBAN QoS characteristics. The simulation results demonstrate the proposed mechanism produce significant improvement to its counterparts based on average packet delay, throughput, and energy usage and packet delivery ratio.

The evolution of wireless body area network (WBAN) has changed the human life for its applications in the field of healthcare, fitness, entertainment and sports etc. However, two of the major challenges in the design of WBAN are energy efficiency and guaranteeing QoS. The load balance of different packet queues in a WBAN plays important role in design of energy efficient and reliable system. In this paper, we propose a Traffic Prioritized Load Balanced Scheduling (TPLBS) algorithm for load balancing in different priority queues in wireless body area networks based on IEEE 802.15.6 model. The main objective of this paper is to minimize packet drop in the queues so that throughput of WBAN can be improved. In this case we consider both priority and location from which the packet received, so that no packet should wait for a long time in the assigned queue to be transmitted to Access Point. The proposed method is simulated using Castalia to study and compare its performance with its counterparts. The simulation results reveal that the proposed protocol works better than the existing methods in terms of delay, throughput and energy efficiency.

The evolution of wireless body area networks (WBAN) has changed the human life for its applications in the field of healthcare, fitness, entertainment and sports etc. However, two of the major challenges in the design of WBAN are energy efficiency and connectivity. The placement of relay nodes in a wireless body area network (WBAN) plays an important role in design of energy efficient and reliable WBAN. This problem is a joint problem of data routing and placement of relay nodes and formulated as a linear integer programming model. The main objective of the problem is to minimize the cost of relay nodes, energy consumption and distributing the loads uniformly on the relay nodes. Considering the hardness of the problem, we propose an adaptive cuckoo search based algorithm which uses an efficient fitness function and an adaptive step size proportional to the fitness function for placement of relay nodes. The set of relay nodes obtained by our proposed adaptive cuckoo search algorithm compared with cuckoo search as well as other state of the art algorithms via simulation results. The simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm not only consumes less energy than its counterparts but also distributes the load evenly on the relay nodes. We consider two different postures of the body with 13 biosensors placed in fixed positions and 50–100 candidate sites for placement of relay nodes. Furthermore, we also consider 80 biosensors randomly deployed in a rectangular area with 50–300 candidate sites to study the scalability of our algorithm.

The evolution of wireless body area network (WBAN) has changed the human life for its applications in the field of health care, fitness, entertainment, sports, etc. However, two of the major challenges in the design of WBAN are energy efficiency and guaranteeing QoS. The introduction of multichannel scheme has reduced the delay and increase the throughput by allowing parallel transmission in the WBANs and biosensors. In this paper, we propose time-sharing multichannel MAC for wireless body area network with an intention for real time and guaranteed delivery of emergency data and maximize energy efficiency. The objective is to design an efficient time-sharing multichannel MAC protocol for WBANs for energy-efficient transmission with low interference. Each node has been statically allocated to the time slots and channels so that they can wake up at their time slots and transmit their data. The proposed method is simulated using Castalia to study and compare its performance with its counterparts. The simulation results reveal that the proposed protocol works better than the existing methods in terms of delay, throughput and energy efficiency.

e-healthcare system plays a vital role in day-to-day life, particularly very useful for monitoring old and sick people. Many standards have been developed to meet above requirement. However, the standard like IEEE 802.15.4 is inefficient due to limited number of slots. The standard like IEEE 802.15.6 removes the loopholes of above standard by improving efficiency and quality of service of healthcare system. The main contribution of our proposed work is to modify the IEEE 802.15.6 standard such that more than one emergency data can be transmitted at a time and we also applied energy saving technique to save energy. All the simulation works are done in Castalia simulator. The simulation works reveal that the proposed protocol works better than existing counterparts in terms of throughput, energy consumption, and packet delivery delay.

Eight plant products, viz . neem leaf powder, NSK powder, curry leaf powder, custard apple leaf powder, citrus peel powder, turmeric powder, begunia leaf powder and karanj leaf powder, each @ 5 g/kg seeds were used for management study of Corcyra cephalonica on two sesamum varieties (Smarak and Amrit). Highest larval mortality, pupal mortality and minimum adult emergence were recorded on seeds treated with NSK powder up to a tune of 81.67%, 8.33% and 10.00% as compared to 5.00%, 0% and 95.00% in control in Smarak whereas 83.33%, 6.67% and 10.00% with respect to 6.67%, 0% and 93.33% in control in Amrit respectively. NSK powder treated sesame seeds showed highest germination of 91.67% in Smarak and 92.00% in Amrit. Per cent adult emergence of Corcyra cephalonica and weight loss of seeds were recorded on three sesamum varieties, viz. Smarak (white), Amrit (brown) and Prachi (black) after two months of infestation. Variety Prachi showed minimum infestation by Corcyra cephalonica exhibiting lowest adult emergence (36.67%) with highest phenol (2.72 mg/g) and protein (17.10%) content as compared to variety Smarak (93.67%), where phenol and protein content was 1.30 mg/g and 13.74%, respectively. In Amrit, the adult emerged was recorded 85.33%.

Studies on the biology of Corcyra cephalonica on three sesamum (Sesamum indicum) varieties viz.Smarak (white), Amrit (brown) and Prachi (black) were carried out.The mean duration of egg, larval, pupal and adult period of Corcyra cephalonica were recorded 3.67, 27.73, 7.80 and 6.80 days on variety Smarak, 5.00, 28.73, 8.73 and 7.60 days on variety Amrit and 5.80, 30.13, 10.40 and 8.40 days on variety Prachi respectively.The result of morphometric measurements revealed that the average length and breadth of egg, 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th instars larva, pupa were 0.41mm and 0.30 mm, 1.80mm and 0.31mm, 3.12 mm and 0.35mm, 5.60mm and 0.89mm, 7.52mm and 1.12mm, 10.01mm and 1.54mm, 8.40mm and 1.80mm respectively.The mean measurement across the expanded wings of male moth was 12.99mm and in females was 16.38mm, whereas the mean body length of male was 10.72mm and in female was 12.24mm.

The QoS requirement, prolong network lifetime and supporting different types of traffics produced by various sensors in Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) are the prominent barriers for deploying the network. The stringent QoS requirement, energy efficiency and delivery of emergency data have become the prime objectives of the researchers.We propose fuzzy constraint notification medium access control (FBN-MAC) protocol for QoS-aware data transmission over WBAN with prolonged network life time. Our proposed FBN-MAC protocol modifies the super frame of IEEE 802.15.4 model with an intention to reduce the loss rate and delay of the emergency data without degrading the QoS of non-emergent data. The remarkable design of this protocol is that the non emergency data types SD and BD can be transmitted in GTS if there is no emergency data traffic. The proposed protocol is compared with existing protocols through the simulation carried out in Castalia 3.2. The simulation results reveal that FBN-MAC outperforms the existing counterparts.

Wireless Body Area Network is an intelligent health monitoring system. Various models such as IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6 are used in this network. The key challenges of this network are energy consumption as well as transmission of emergency data in strict real time reliable manner. This protocol presents a novel Priority based Packet Balanced Queue MAC protocol in Wireless Body Area Network which uses IEEE 802.15.6 model. The main goal of this article is to forward the most critical packets over on-demand and non-critical packets. The protocol uses two separate queues for the critical packets based on their threshold value for this purpose. This protocol also consider the remaining time of critical packets for the comparison of same type of packets. Another facility of this protocol is that the on-demand packets can be transmitted earlier if there are no packets in both HTEQ and LTEQ. This work has been more attractive over their counterparts in terms of throughput, packet delivery ration, Delay and Energy Consumption.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has attracted the researchers during the last decade due to its wide range of applications. However, QoS requirement, prolong network lifetime and supporting different types of traffics produced by various sensors are the prominent barriers for deploying the network. A number of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have been developed to meet the above requirements. However, stringent Qos requirement, energy efficiency and delivery of emergency data have become the prime objectives of the researchers. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient real-time reliable media access control (ER-MAC) protocol for QoS-aware data transmission over WBAN with prolonged network life time. This protocol is based on IEEE 802.15.4 model which is very popular in healthcare application due to its low power and low cost features. Our proposed ER-MAC protocol modifies the super frame of IEEE 802.15.4 model with an intention to reducing the loss rate and delay of the emergency data without degrading the QoS of non emergent data. The proposed protocol is compared with existing protocol through the simulation carried out in Castalia 3.2. The simulation results reveal that ER-MAC outperforms the existing counterparts.

A number of multichannel medium access control (MAC) protocols have been developed earlier with the objective of maximizing energy efficiency and guaranteeing QoS requirements in wireless sensor networks. However, the trade-off between energy efficiency and QoS requirements remains an open issue. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multichannel MAC protocol, so that nodes dynamically switch their interface between the channels to achieve this goal. The proposed protocol works in two phases, the advertisement (ADV) phase and data phase, which run concurrently. During the ADV phase, the nodes having data try to contend the advertisement channel to transmit the ADV packet. The nodes after receiving the acknowledgment from the receiver switch to the available free channel for the communication of the data packet. We analyze the performance of our proposed protocol through simulation. The simulation results reveal the proposed protocol performs better than the existing MAC protocols in terms of the energy efficiency, data delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay.

In wireless sensor network (WSN), the main problem in medium access control are sleep-awake scheduling and its overhead, idle listening, and the energy consumed in transmitting the collided packets. In this paper, we propose a new energy efficient MAC protocol which combines the mechanism of CSMA/CA along with the recently developed advertisement based time division MAC protocol. In the proposed protocol, the time frame is divided into very small slots before sending the data to its receiver. The node that wants to transmit occupies a time slot at the beginning of the time frame. The node wakes up at its own slot and sense the medium in order to find whether the channel is busy or idle. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the existing protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, latency and energy consumption.