Wearable textile antennas offer a viable platform for the non-invasive, real-time cancer detection, providing increased patient comfort. This paper outlines a high-brightness wearable textile antenna for wireless biomedical sensing, complemented by artificial intelligence for tumor analysis. The antenna is fabricated on a substrate of jeans fabric (Ɛr = 1.7), which is chosen for its elasticity, durability, and wearable healthcare applications. The proposed design is 61 × 61 × 1.076 mm3, and the electrical size is 1.5 × 1.5 × 0.027, corresponding to a wavelength. It operates at 7.66 GHz and has a reflection coefficient of − 29 dB, which provides efficient impedance matching and reduced signal loss. Its spectrum of sensitivity to changes in the permittivity of tissues with malignant growths is well covered by an extensive bandwidth of 84

An equivalent circuit-based microstrip antenna of dual-band characteristics has been planned by cutting six vertical rectangular notches of different sizes in this article. The bandwidth of the presented antenna is achieved 23.77% (420 MHz) and 5.46% (137 MHz). The antenna is resonating in dual band at 1.903 and 2.489 GHz with return losses of -35.28 and -23.10 dB, respectively. The suggested antenna structure have frequency band between 1.557 and 1.977 GHz in the lower band and 2.441 and 2.578 GHz in the upper band. The gain of the suggested antenna is 3.760 dBi at 1.903 GHz and 3.803 dBi at 2.489 GHz. The efficiency of proposed antenna is 90% and 89% at both resonating frequencies 1.903 and 2.489 GHz, respectively. However, more than 81% antenna efficiency is observed in both operating bands. The suggested microstrip antenna is fabricated on FR-4 substrate of size 39.04 x 47.64 mm(2) (0.25 x 0.30 lambda(2)(0) at frequency 1.903 GHz) and excited by microstrip line feed of 50 Omega. The presented design of antenna is validated with measurement and equivalent circuit. The lower resonating band 1.557-1.977 GHz is suitable for GPS (1.575 GHz), GSM 2G (1.8 GHz), and PCS (1.90 GHz). However, upper resonating band 2.441-2.578 GHz is suitable for Bluetooth (2.45 GHz), ISM band (2.45 GHz), and 4G (2.5 GHz) applications.

The proposed antenna demonstrates efficient operation across a broad range of frequencies, i.e., 2.39 GHz to 25 GHz, achieving a remarkable bandwidth of 165.09%. It demonstrates excellent performance, with a maximum surface current density of $92.7 ~\mathrm{A} / \mathrm{m}$ at 2.6 GHz, indicating effective current distribution and stable radiation characteristics. The antenna attains a maximum directivity of 5 dBi at 18.72 GHz and a broadband gain of 4.39 dBi, making it highly useful for a variety of wireless & high-frequency communication applications. Its compact & flexible structure enhances its adaptability for use in wearable, portable, and multiband systems. The bending test confirms safe exposure. Overall, the antenna exhibits exceptional fulfilment in terms of bandwidth, gain, and efficiency, making it a very good design for modern broadband wireless communication technologies.

As a radically new type of wearable and flexible technology, a textile antenna was created by integrating conductive textile substrates into its design. To transmit and receive an electromagnetic wave, the antenna is sanctioned by substrates such as jeans, cotton or jute cloth. This paper established here over a wide band of impedance bandwidth spanning 6-10 GHz frequency range, which is appropriate in UWB (3.1-10.6 GHz), high-data-rate WBAN, and short-range sensing. The simulated reflection coefficient is not greater than −10db, over the operating band. This attains a peak gain 8.2 dB at 9 GHz with constant and almost omnidirectional radiation properties. The antenna is made using denim as substrate with relative permittivity of about 1.7 and it also was analysed by full wave electromagnetic simulations. At 9GHz, the usefulness of proposed design is validated by providing results in terms of bandwidth of about 40%, return loss of −43.44 dB and gain of 8.2 dB.

In this article, a novel textile jeans antenna is introduced that can cover range of frequencies from 3.85 to 14.58 GHz with a return loss of -23.02 dB at its lower working frequency of 4.8 GHz. To perform the simulation, the antenna is designed on the jeans substrate with & varepsilon;r$$ {\epsilon}_r $$ of 1.7 and size of 43.6 x 49 x 1 mm3 (0.7 lambda 0 x 0.8 lambda 0 x 0.016 lambda 0 at frequency 4.8 GHz) Moreover, for improving bandwidth, defective ground structure (DGS) is used which provides a wide bandwidth range of 116.44%. The peak gain is found to be 4.5, 4.4, and 4.3 dBi at 4.8, 8.98, and 13.45 GHz, respectively. However, the efficiency is found more than 70% in operating band. The proposed antenna has omni-directional pattern for radiation and has good bending and wet characteristics suitable for IoT application like Wi-Max and AI, IoT devices such as automotive and robotics. The specific absorption ratio at 4.8 GHz is found to be maximum near the feed point which is 0.00596 W/kg for 10 g of tissue which is low as compared to standard value of 1.6 W/kg for 10 g of tissue.

This paper presents a revolutionary breakthrough in wearable antenna technology through an ingeniously engineered arrowhead-shaped textile butterfly design, fabricated on an eco-friendly jean’s substrate marking a paradigm shift in flexible electronics and communication networks. This textile antenna's distinctive morphology transcends conventional designs by seamlessly fusing biomimetic principles with cutting-edge electromagnetic architecture for wearable antenna applications, delivering unprecedented flexibility and conformability while maintaining superior performance metrics. Rigorous electromagnetic simulations and prototype validation demonstrate exceptional results: an ultra-wideband frequency response spanning 2.359–16.76 GHz, coupled with a remarkable peak gain of 6.9 dB and a ground-breaking bandwidth enhancement of 150.64

With refinements in electromagnetics, diverse medical applications have evolved to detect diseases efficaciously. Breast cancer, a dominant cause of mortality among women worldwide, necessitates early diagnosis and screening for timely medical intervention. This research establishes the design, simulation, and analysis of an advanced triangular slotted circular flexible Ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna optimized for breast cancer detection and healthcare monitoring. The proposed antenna employs an extensive frequency range of 2.95 GHz to 24.2 GHz, accomplishing an impressive impedance bandwidth of 156%. It authenticates directional and omnidirectional radiation patterns with compact dimensions of 46.3 × 52.6 × 1.076 mm³. Key aspects divulge a resonance frequency at 14.35 GHz with a significant input reflection coefficient of −37.8 dB. The antenna achieves a peak gain of 3.16 dB at 5.8 GHz, with efficiencies of 59.56% and 66.88% at 5.8 GHz and 4.48 GHz, respectively. A meticulous case study involving SAR evaluation confirms the antenna’s safe exposure levels. For a flat human phantom, SAR values are 0.774 W/kg at 13.5 GHz and 0.712 W/kg at 14.35 GHz for 10 gm of tissue. For the breast phantom model, SAR values are 0.201 W/kg at 11.4 GHz and 0.152 W/kg at 14.35 GHz for 10 gm of tissue. Besides that, the antenna’s flexible design promises an excellent execution under several bending conditions, making it ideal for wearable applications. These findings establish the antenna as an efficient solution for breast cancer detection and healthcare monitoring, combining safety, flexibility, and the aptness to ameliorate early diagnosis while lowering mortality rates. Wearable antennas are pivotal for advanced healthcare applications. This section presents the literature and discusses the work related to flexible UWB antenna designed for breast cancer detection and healthcare monitoring, tackling challenges in early diagnosis and patient care.

This article presents a circularly polarized (CP) flexible antenna in the shape of a pitcher that is suited for use in C-band (4 to 8 GHz) applications. The C-band has a wavelength that ranges from 7.5 to 3.75 cm as stated by the IEEE frequency spectrum. In terms of design, the wearable antenna is straightforward and was fashioned after the texture of leather. There is a pitcher-shaped radiating element which is designed with a defective ground. The process known as microstrip linefeed is utilized in order to provide the power in antenna. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is observed to be 20.35

With the growing demand for compact and lightweight devices, the development of efficient antenna systems has become essential. To address this need, a flexible antenna with a partial ground plane has been designed for body-worn applications. The proposed broadband flexible antenna is implemented on a flexible substrate and is optimized for various wireless communication systems and low-power IoT devices. The antenna features a compact structure and exhibits dualband operation, covering frequency ranges from 3.76 GHz to 6.26 GHz and from 7.35 GHz to 10.0 GHz. It offers broad impedance bandwidths of 49.90 % and 30.56 %, respectively, ensuring wide frequency coverage. Owing to its low-profile design, flexibility, and broadband performance, the presented antenna is highly suitable for integration into wearable and body-worn IoT applications.

The research paper presents a highperformance and flexible wearable antenna aimed to the C-band frequency band, and it relates to the wireless use applications with WiMAX and Hiper LAN. The low dielectric constant antenna has been fabricated on denim (jeans) textile substrate and is both mechanically flexible as well as body-worn communicator friendly. This proposed structure incorporates a line feed mechanism to provide good excitation and stable radiation properties. The structure is an antenna that has a circular radiating patch with embedded hexagonal slot that has a partial ground plane. Extensive results of simulation indicate that the antenna has a broad impedance bandwidth of 87.91 % effectively covering frequencies between 3.899 GHz and 10.008 GHz. These features render the suggested design a candidate of next-generation wearable wireless communication systems.

This paper presents a novel wearable antenna fabricated using denim material, designed for flexible electronics and medical monitoring applications. The proposed antenna leverages common jean fabric as the substrate material, offering a cost-effective and readily available solution while combining esthetic appeal with practical functionality through its unique configuration. Operating across 2.269-19.42 GHz with a maximum gain of 6.75 dB, the antenna achieves an enhanced bandwidth of 158.15%. Notably, the design measured as 0.488 lambda o x 0.488 lambda o x 0.008 lambda o exhibits a low specific absorption rate (SAR) compared to FCC standards that is 1.6 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue, making it particularly suitable for medical monitoring applications. We obtained a maximum SAR value for the antenna as 1.61, 1.01 W/kg for 1 and 10 g at 2 mm from the body phantom, 0.488 and 0.769 W/kg for 1 and 10 g when placed at 5 mm from the human phantom, and 1.02, 0.73 W/kg for 1 and 10 g at on-body placement of the antenna. Experimental results demonstrate the antenna's effectiveness for vital signs surveillance while maintaining wearer safety and comfort. The use of denim as the substrate material not only ensures flexibility and durability but also provides an eco-friendly approach by utilizing common textile materials. The high-fidelity factor and wideband characteristics ensure reliable data transmission, making this design a promising solution for next-generation wearable healthcare devices.

The presented flexible array shaped wearable antenna is simulated on a jeans textile substrate. This array shaped microstrip antenna (proposed) has been energized by linefeed technique. It gives the wider range of frequencies from 2.914GHz to 22.518 GHz that is super high frequency band (SHF) range. The proposed antenna has -10dB simulated bandwidth is 154.168%. The presented antenna's size is 43.6×49 mm2that it resonates at multiple frequencies i.e.7.2455 GHz, 10.588 GHz, and 14.456 GHz. The proposed design is applicable for various applications such as super high frequency, satellite communication, missile guidance, airborne intercept, long range tracking, police radar, etc. The proposed antenna is better suitable for microwave imaging and satellite communications. But the prime focus is on microwave imaging, which is used to locate the body tissues that are very difficult to evaluate. It can be constructed with a simple manufacturing process. The proposed antenna offers maximum reflection coefficient of -31.668dB, adequate VSWR <2 over operating band, peak gain of 4.915 dBi.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used in a variety of sectors, including the surveillance, healthcare, and military, and so on. The high cost and short lifespan of wireless sensor networks prohibit emerging and low-income nations for using their benefits. This article proposes a compact, low cost, and broadband coplanar waveguide rectenna with a simple novel ground plane operate in band range of 4.8-5.5 GHz (700 MHz) for an effective solution to radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting applications in WSNs. A parametric study of distinct antennas is also conducted to strengthen the attributes of the proposed antenna. The defected ground structure created on the co-plane offers 105 degrees measured half power beamwidth (HPBW) in the H-plane for wide angular coverage. As a result, design alignment does not need to be extremely perfect in order to make conversion efficiency constant. The rectifying circuit is made compact by using a two-stub impedance matching network. At load resistance of 1k omega, the power conversion efficiency of the proposed rectenna for a low input power level of -10 dBm is 27.2% (simulated) and 20.1% (measured) while its maximum value is 52.5% (simulated) and 50.1% (measured) for input power level of 10 dBm.

In this paper, a design for a wearable solar energy harvesting system with an embroidered electrical circuit is proposed. The hybrid simulation method is carried out by using MATLAB/Simulink and LTSpice simulation software's to extract the unknown electrical parameters of the multi-junction solar cell. A DC-DC boost converter (LTC3105) with MPPC is experimented to step up the solar cell voltage to 5 V. The solar energy harvester model achieves optimum simulated results in the LTSpice software with MPPT for both sunny and artificial shading conditions. The maximum conversion efficiency of the solar energy harvesting system with MPPC is 73.46 with an output voltage of 5 V and 68.29 at 4.10 V output voltage for flat and bent conditions, respectively. The fabricated system is tested in various conditions such as flat, bent condition with radius of 5.5 cm and artificial shading. The fabricated flexible solar cell power source can easily supply the power to wearable electronic, wireless sensors, and biomedical sensors. The solar cell and boost converter are integrated with jeans textiles to make whole system as wearable one and electrical connections are embroidered with conductive yarn. The fabricated wearable solar cell power source can easily supply the power to wearable biomedical sensors.

This paper introduces a novel health monitoring textile antenna integrated with Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The latest antenna has a semi-circular ring with an isosceles triangle cut that is optimized for impedance matching, bandwidth and radiation efficiency. The textile materials used in the antenna offer flexibility, light weight and easy integration into bodyworn devices suitable for continuous health-monitoring applications. We have justified and confirmed through detailed simulations and experimental verifications the efficient operation of the designed antenna over the intended frequency ranges, providing essential wireless communication capabilities that are required for healthcare monitoring purposes. The outcomes stress the prospective of the antenna for incorporation in clever textiles paving the way to progress wearable healthcare technology. The performance of the proposed DGS-based textile antenna was evaluated by analyzing its return loss across a frequency range of 3.67 to 7.96 GHz with the wide bandwidth of 73.83%.

This research presents a novel design for a textile antenna with a nested orbicular shape, featuring a centered hexagonal slot and a depleted ground structure (DGS). The proposed antenna is specifically tailored to cater to the demanding requirements of Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands, as well as applications in Wi-Fi, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and Bluetooth technologies. The nested orbicular configuration is chosen for its compactness and geometric versatility, allowing for efficient integration into wearable and textile-based communication systems. The incorporation of a centered hexagonal slot within the antenna structure serves to enhance bandwidth and improve overall performance. This slot is strategically positioned to influence the electromagnetic characteristics of the antenna, resulting in increased bandwidth and improved impedance matching across multiple frequency bands. Additionally, the depleted ground structure further contributes to enhanced performance by reducing unwanted radiation and minimizing the impact of surrounding environmental factors on the antenna’s efficiency. The proposed antenna design is characterized and analyzed using advanced simulation tools and measurement techniques to validate its performance across the target frequency bands. The textile nature of the antenna ensures flexibility and comfort, making it an ideal candidate for integration into wearable devices for seamless connectivity in diverse communication scenarios. The proposed antenna has impedance bandwidth of 70.7