Background: Hypertension is defined as a medical condition where blood pressure rises above 140/90 mmHg. Black garlic is recognized as a natural remedy that may help lower high blood pressure, primarily due to its abundant antioxidant properties, which are believed to inhibit the function of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) that is essential for regulating blood pressure. Objective: This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of black garlic using GC-MS and assess its antihypertensive effects in rat models. Methods: This study characterized the chemical composition of black garlic using GC-MS (Agilent 7890A) and evaluated its antihypertensive effects in rats. Hypertension was induced by oral administration of NaCl at a dose of 3.75 g/20 g body weight (BW) from day 0 to day 14. Blood pressure measurements were taken on days 0, 14, and 21. Black garlic extract was administered at three dose levels 4.2 mg/20 g BW, 8.4 mg/20 g BW, and 12.4 mg/20 g BW to evaluate dose dependent antihypertensive responses. Statistical analysis included the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality, homogeneity testing, One-Way ANOVA Results: The GC-MS analysis identified 9-octadecenoic acid as the dominant compound in black garlic, accounting for 34.53% of its total composition. The antihypertensive activity test showed that administering black garlic at a dose of 12.4 mg/20 g BW significantly lowered systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure while enhancing nitric oxide levels in hypertensive rats. Conclusion: Black garlic has the potential as an effective herbal treatment to lower blood pressure.

Black garlic is obtained through a controlled fermentation process that alters its color, aroma, and flavor while enhancing its concentration of bioactive compounds. This product is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and organosulfur compounds such as S-allyl cysteine, which are known to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to determine the total alkaloid, flavonoid, and phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and acute toxicity profile of black garlic. Black garlic samples were prepared by fermenting Solo garlic for 12 days at 60–70 °C. Alkaloid content was analyzed spectrophotometrically using Bromocresol Green reagent with quinine as the standard, flavonoid content was determined using quercetin, and total phenolic content was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as the standard. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method, while acute toxicity testing was conducted on male BALB/c mice at doses of 500–5.000 mg/kg BW following OECD/GHS guidelines. The results showed that black garlic contained 301.65 ± 3.436 mg QE/kg alkaloids, 2.190 ± 0.051 mg QE/g flavonoids, and 81.976 ± 1.179 mg GAE/g phenolics. Antioxidant activity was categorized as very strong with an IC₅₀ value of 9.94 ± 0.012 ppm, comparable to Vitamin C (9.92 ± 0.005 ppm). Acute toxicity tests revealed no toxic symptoms or mortality up to 5.000 mg/kg BW, classifying black garlic as practically non-toxic. In conclusion, black garlic is rich in bioactive compounds, demonstrates strong antioxidant activity, and is safe for consumption, making it a potential functional food and health supplement.

Background: One of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAHD) is dyslipidaemia or high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Hypertension is also a cause of cardiovascular disease. One potential plant to lower LDL levels and blood pressure is Jatropha curcas, which is known to contain saponins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ethanol extract of Jatropha curcas leaves (EEJCL) on blood pressure, LDL levels, and HDL levels in hypertensive rats given a high-fat diet. Methods: This study is an experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design on male Wistar strain rats. Rats were divided into seven groups, namely the normal group, control group (induced with NaCl and given a high-fat diet), Captopril group, Simvastatin group, and EEJCL groups given doses of 1.8, 2.7, and 4.05 g/kg BW. The data obtained were analysed using the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Homogeneity of Variance, One-Way ANOVA, and Tukey Test. Results: The results showed that the administration of EEJCL could significantly lower LDL levels and blood pressure and increase HDL levels (p < 0.05) at doses of 1.8, 2.7, and 4.05 g/kg BW, and the dose of 4.05 g/KgBW was the most optimal dose. Conclusion: EEJCL has a potential for development in the treatment of hypertension and dyslipidaemia.

One of the plants used as natural medicine is baby orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Baby oranges contain hesperidin, hesperetin, narirutin and nobiletin compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving ethanol extract of baby orange peel for 28 days on liver function as seen from the increase in SGOT and SGPT levels. This research is a pure experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) with a unidirectional pattern, namely the method used to observe the relationship of independent variables (including: normal control, negative control, ethanol extract of baby orange peel (EEKBJB) doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW) with the dependent variable (SGOT and SGPT levels). The test animals used in this study were 30 male Wistar rats which were divided into 6 treatment groups which were treated for 28 consecutive days. On day 29, blood samples were taken from the orbital sinus of the eye and the levels of SGOT and SGPT were measured. There was a significant difference in the levels of SGOT and SGPT as indicated by the results of the One Way ANOVA test (p<0.05). The results of the Post Hoc-Tukey test for SGOT levels showed a significant difference between the control group and the 50 mg/kg BW dose group, while the 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW doses did not show a significant difference. The results of the Post Hoc-Tukey, s-HSD test for SGPT levels did not show a significant difference between the control group and the 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW dose groups. Significant differences were shown by doses of 50 and 400 mg/kg BW. Giving EEKBJB for 28 days did not cause toxic effects on liver function, seen from the absence of an increase in SGOT and SGPT levels.

Ulva lactuca L. contains bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties that aid in healing cut wounds. This research was done to ascertain the histopathological parameter’s effects on the wound-healing capacity of gels made from the ethanol extract of U. lactuca (EEUL). The 45 mice were equally divided into five groups: The gel-based control (group I), the positive control (group II), the pain control (group III), and the treatment groups (groups IV and VI), which received EEUL gel at concentrations of 5 and 10%, respectively. On the mice's back, a 1 cm-long incision was made. A one-way ANOVA, post hoc least significant difference (LSD), and/or Mann-Whitney test were used to statistically analyze the data. Reduced wound scores, healing times, and wound length were observed (p 0.05). On the other hand, the macrophage score, the number of blood vessels, the thickness of the epithelium, and the fibroblast count increased (p0.05%). Topical application of 5% or 10% EEUL gel has accelerated wound healing by increasing macrophage scores, blood vessel density, epithelial thickness, and fibroblast counts while decreasing wound description scores and wound length.

Ulva lactuca L. contains bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties that aid in healing cut wounds. This research was done to ascertain the histopathological parameter's effects on the wound-healing capacity of gels made from the ethanol extract of U. lactuca (EEUL). The 45 mice were equally divided into five groups: The gel-based control (group I), the positive control (group II), the pain control (group III), and the treatment groups (groups IV and VI), which received EEUL gel at concentrations of 5 and 10%, respectively. On the mice's back, a 1 cm-long incision was made. A one-way ANOVA, post hoc least significant difference (LSD), and/or Mann-Whitney test were used to statistically analyze the data. Reduced wound scores, healing times, and wound length were observed (p 0.05). On the other hand, the macrophage score, the number of blood vessels, the thickness of the epithelium, and the fibroblast count increased (p0.05%). Topical application of 5% or 10% EEUL gel has accelerated wound healing by increasing macrophage scores, blood vessel density, epithelial thickness, and fibroblast counts while decreasing wound description scores and wound length.

Daun jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) mengandung beberapa senyawa aktif, seperti alkaloid, saponin, tannin, terpenoid, steroid, glikosida, senyawa fenol, dan flavonoid yang diduga dapat menurunkan kadar trigliserida dalam serum darah, sehingga dapat mencegah keadaan hipertrigliseridemia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas penurunan kadar trigliserida serum setelah pemberian ekstrak etanol daun jarak pagar (EEDJP) variasi dosis pada tikus hipertensi yang diinduksi dengan NaCl dan diberi pakan lemak tinggi. Penelitian eksperimental dengan pre-post test control group design terhadap tikus jantan galur Wistar. Tikus dibagi menjadi 7 kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal, kontrol, Captopril, Simvastatin, EEDJP dosis 1,8 g/KgBB, 2,7 g/KgBB, 4,05 g/KgBB. Analisis kadar trigliserida serum dengan metode GPO- PAP. Data dianalisis dengan uji One-Sample Kolmogorov- Smirnov Test, Homogenity of Variances, One-Way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, dan Mann-Whitney. Induksi NaCl dan pemberian pakan lemak tinggi dapat meningkatkan kadar trigliserida serum yang signifikan (p<0,050). Pemberian EEDJP dapat menurunkan kadar trigliserida serum yang signifikan (p<0,050) pada semua variasi dosis .Kesimpulannya EEDJP dapat menurunkan kadar trigliserida secara signifikan pada dosis 1,8 g/KgBB, 2,7 g/KgBB, 4,05 g/KgBB

Penelitian tentang pengaruh campuran ekstrak etanol buah pare (Momordica carantia L.) dan biji pinang (Areca catechu L.) terhadap kadar endothelial Nitric Oxyde Synthase (e-NOS) tikus putih ini bertujuan untuk pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dalam terapi disfungsi ereksi dengan menggunakan ekstrak etanol buah pare dan biji buah pinang yang berbasis terapi herbal sebagai terapi alternatif yang menjanjikan di masa yang akan datang dengan efek samping minimal. Pada penelitian ini, target khusus yang ingin dicapai adalah membuktikan pengaruh campuran ekstrak etanol buah pare (Momordica carantia L.) dan biji pinang (Areca catechu L.) terhadap kadar e-NOS tikus putih galur wistar.Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode Sexual Behaviour dimana setelah dikelompokkan menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif, kontrol positif (X-Gra®), kelompok Ekstrak Etanol Pinang (EEP) dosis 100 mg/kg BB, kelompok Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pare (EEBP) dosis 50 mg/kg BB dan kelompok campuran EEP dan EENP (1:1) , tikus selanjutnya diaklimatisasi selama 7 hari. Selama proses aklimatisasi, tikus diberi pakan standar berupa pelet dan aquadest. Pada tahap ini dilakukan penimbangan berat badan setiap hari. Pada aklimatisasi hari ke-6, tikus betina diberikan estradiol valerat pada pukul 16.00 WIB. Kemudian pada hari ke- 1 sampai ke- 7, tikus jantan diberi perlakuan bahan uji per oral dan dilakukan pengamatan pada hari ke- 1, 2, 4 dan 6. Tikus jantan dimasukkan ke dalam aquarium yang berisikan empat tikus betina yang telah diberi estradiol valerat 48 jam sebelum pengamatan secara oral. Setelah 14 hari, sampel darah diambil dan dilakukan analisa kadar e-NOS hewan uji. Data yang diperoleh dianalisa secara statistik dengan Uji ANOVA satu jalur dan dilanjutkan dengan Uji Tukey’s HSD dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%.Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa kadar e-NOS pada kelompok perlakuan berbeda signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol negatif (p<0,05). Nampak adanya peningkatan kadar eNOS pada kelompok perlakuan EEP pada dosis 100 mg/kg BB, perlakuan EEBP 50 mg/kg BB dan kelompok campuran EEP dan EEBP (1:1) yang diberikan selama 14 hari berturut-turut. Keyword : Afrodisiaka, Ekstrak pare, ekstrak pinang, endothelial Nitric

Recently, burn injuries have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-middle-income countries. Burn injuries are tissue loss caused by contact with heat sources such as hot water, fire, chemicals, electricity, and radiation. According to the WHO Global Burden Disease, in 2017 an estimated 180.000 people died from burn injuries. Ethanol extract of green algae (EEGA) contains compounds that potentially heal burn injuries. The research was conducted to obtain a gel formulation from EEGA and test its burn wound healing properties in mice (Mus musculus). Forty-five mice were divided into five groups: I (negative control), II (treated with gel base), III (positive control, Bioplacenton gel), IV (5% EEGA gel), and V (10% EEGA gel). Wound diameters and description scores were observed every fourth, seventh, and fourteenth day, and the derived data were analyzed in the SPSS program with the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significance difference (LSD) test. The results indicate that EEGA can be formulated into gels with physical properties compliant with the requirements of the dosage form. Further, it was found that Groups IV and V showed significant reductions in wound description scores and diameters (p<0.05). In conclusion, gels containing 5% and 10% EEGA possess burn wound healing properties.

Penyakit Parkinson merupakan penyakit neurodegeneratif dengan gangguan motorik seperti bradikinesia, rigiditas, dan tremor yang dapat mempengaruhi keseimbangan tubuh. Hal ini terjadi karena penurunan kadar dopamin yang dapat dipicu oleh adanya stres oksidatif. Kunyit (Curcuma longa) mengandung kurkumin yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidatif dan neuroprotektif yang potensial sehingga dapat mencegah gangguan neurodegeneratif karena stres oksidatif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas ekstrak rimpang kunyit pada mencit model Parkinson yang diinduksi haloperidol. Ekstraksi rimpang kunyit dilakukan secara maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Sebanyak 60 ekor mencit dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, masing-masing mendapat perlakukan sebagai berikut : Kelompok normal diberi CMC-Na per oral (p.o) dan NaCl fisiologis intraperitoneal (i.p), kelompok haloperidol diberi CMC -Na (p.o) dan larutan haloperidol i.p (1 mg/kg BB), kelompok levodopa diberi levodopa (p.o) dan larutan haloperidol i.p, Kelompok ekstrak 100 diberi ekstrak kunyit dosis 100 mg/kg BB dan larutan haloperidol i.p , Kelompok ekstrak 200 diberi ekstrak kunyit dosis 200 mg/kg BB dan larutan haloperidol i.p, Kelompok ekstrak 400 diberi ekstrak kunyit dosis 400 mg/kg BB dan larutan haloperidol i.p. Pemberian CMC-Na, levodopa dan ekstrak kunyit diberikan selama 21 hari. Lima belas menit setelah pemberian perlakuan hari terakhir, semua hewan uji kecuali kelompok 1 diinjeksi haloperidol dosis 1 mg/kg BB secara i.p. Kemudian dilakukan uji batang, uji roda berputar, uji refleks geotaksis, uji refleks menghindari jurang dan uji kemampuan penciuman pada menit ke 5, 60, 120 dan 180. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji anova satu jalur dilanjutkan dengan uji post hoc LSD. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa pemberian haloperidol dapat meningkatkan waktu katalepsi, meningkatkan jumlah jatuh dan mempercepat waktu jatuh pertama kali, menurunkan refleks geotaksis, meningkatkan waktu refleks menghindari jurang serta menurunkan kemampuan indera penciuman. Sedangkan pemberian ekstrak kunyit dosis 200 dan 400 mg/kgBB dapat menurunkan waktu katalepsi, menurunkan jumlah jatuh dan memperlama waktu jatuh pertama kali, menurunkan refleks geotaksis, menurunkan lama waktu pada uji refleks menghindari jurang serta meningkatkan kemampuan indera penciuman jika dibandingkan dengan Haloperidol (P<0.05). Pemberian ekstrak 200 dan 400 mg/kg tidak berbeda bermakna (P>0,05) dengan pemberian levodopa. Berdasarkan hasil dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak rimpang kunyit dosis 200 dan 400 mg/kgBB memiliki aktivitas untuk mencegah terjadinya Parkinson pada mencit yang diberi haloperidol.

Tukak lambung atau lebih populer dengan penyakit maag, banyak terdapat pada masyarakat baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia. Kecenderungan masyarakat Indonesia memilih pengobatan tradisional (jamu) sejak dahulu untuk swamedikasi karena biayanya terjangkau dan efektif. Salah satunya untuk mengobati tukak lambung dinilai lebih aman dibanding dengan obat sintesis. Tukak lambung terjadi karena adanya kelebihan asam dan pepsin yang dapat disebabkan oleh stress-related mucosal damage. Tepung garut dan kunyit baik secara empiris dan ilmiah masing-masing dikatakan mampu mengurangi tukak lambung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh gastroprotektor kombinasi tepung garut dan kunyit terhadap nilai indeks tukak lambung dan gambaran histopatologinya pada tikus putih galur Wistar model tukak lambung. Tikus dibagi ke dalam kelompok normal, kontrol tukak diberi etanol 96% dosis 1 ml/ 200 g/BB,kontrol positif sukralfat dosis 200 mg/kgBB, perlakuan I; II; III diberi tepung garut 200 mg/kgBB, kunyit 250 mg/kgBB,kombinasi tepung garut dan kunyit 200 mg/kgBB. Perlakuan diberikan secara oral. Pengamatan dilakukan selama tujuh hari dan diikuti dengan puasa selama 24 jam pada hari ke delapan selain kelompok normal, semua kelompok diinduksi etanol 96% dengan dosis 1 ml/200gBB. Setelah satu jam, tikus dikorbankan dan lambungnya diambil. Pengujian antiulcer dihitung dengan indeks tukak lambung dan secara deskriptif dianalisis histopatologinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa pemberian dosis tunggal dan kombinasi menghasilkan indeks tukak berturut-turut 1,80; 1,47; 1,33 secara nyata lebih rendah dibandingkan kontrol negatif (4,42) dan rasio proteksi (%) pemberian kombinasi tepung garut dan kunyit 200 mg/kgBB lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol positif. Gambaran histopatologi menunjukkan adanya perbaikan jaringan pada pemberian kunyit 250 mg/kgBB dan kombinasi tepung garut dan kunyit 200 mg/kgBB.

Prembun Subdistrict, located in Kebumen Regency, Central Java, is an area rich in medicinal plants. Utilization of family medicinal plants needs to be done to improve the health status of the community. Based on this, the Community Service (PKM) program has the theme Increasing Knowledge and Empowerment of Students on Family Medicinal Plants at State Senior High School 1 Prembun Kebumen, Central Java. The implementation of PKM is carried out for 3 months covering a series of work program activities starting from: (1) Socialization (2) Preparation of mapping of family medicinal plants (3) Filling out questionnaires (4) Analysis of mapping data (5) Preparation of extension (6) Mentoring, monitoring, and evaluation. Based on the results of the mapping, 94% of students used ginger as a TOGA. Therefore, the material presented is directed primarily at the benefits and processing of ginger. Of all students, only 9% process TOGA themselves. The main activity of community service for students and teachers of SMA 1 Prembun is in the form of counseling and delivering videos about the benefits and processing of TOGA to packaging. As many as 64% of participants experienced an increase in posttest scores when compared to pretest scores. In conclusion, this activity was able to increase the knowledge and empowerment of SMA 1 Prembun Kebumen students about the therapeutic indications of each TOGA, and the processing of TOGA basic ingredients into good quality and hygienic herbal preparations.

COVID-19 merupakan pandemi yang sedang berlangsung di seluruh dunia. Seseorang yang terinfeksi COVID-19 namun tidak bergejala atau bergejala ringan dapat melakukan isolasi mandiri. Pasien COVID-19 yang sedang isolasi mandiri dengan gejala ringan memerlukan beberapa jenis obat untuk mengatasi gejala, serta vitamin dan obat herbal untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. Swamedikasi adalah suatu cara pengobatan sendiri yang dapat dilakukan untuk penyakit ringan. Pelatihan swamedikasi dilakukan pada siswa/i kelas 10 SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Yogyakarta secara daring. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat yang dilakukan meliputi: 1) Sosialisasi rencana kegiatan; 2) Survei tingkat pengetahuan siswa/i terhadap swamedikasi pada saat isolasi mandiri dan pemanfaatan obat tradisional di era pandemi COVID-19; 3) Pelatihan tentang swamedikasi pada saat isolasi mandiri; 4) Pelatihan pemanfaatan obat tradisional di era pandemi COVID-19; dan 5) Survei lanjutan mengenai tingkat pengetahuan siswa/i terhadap swamedikasi pada saat isolasi mandiri dan pemanfaatan obat tradisional di era pandemi COVID-19. Metode yang digunakan untuk melihat perubahan tingkat pengetahuan peserta adalah quasi experimental one-group pretest-posttest . Data yang didapatkan dianalisis secara statistik dengan uji Wilcoxon. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah pelatihan swamedikasi pada saat isolasi mandiri dan pelatihan pemanfaatan obat tradisional di era pandemi COVID-19 dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Yogyakarta secara signifikan (p<0,005).

Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa pemberian ekstrak pegagan (Centela asiatica) dapat mencegah peningkatan ekspresi protein caspase 3 dan menurunkan ekspresi Bcl-2 yang berkaitan dengan apoptosis di daerah CA1 dan CA2-CA3 sel pyramidal hippocampus pada tikus model demensia. Selain ekspresi protein tersebut, mekanisme apoptosis juga melibatkan protein lain yaitu caspase 8, yaitu protease sistein yang berperan sebagai inisiator apoptosis di jalur ekstrinsik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak pegagan dalam mencegah ekspresi gen caspase 8 di sel pyramidal hippocampus pada tikus model demensia yang diinduksi dengan trimetiltin (TMT). Sebanyak 30 ekor tikus Sprague Dawley, 3 bulan, jantan, berat 200-300 g dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok. sebagai berikut: Kelompok Normal dan TMT diberi CMC-Na, kelompok ekstrak diberi ekstrak dosis 100 (EP-100), 200 (EP-200) dan 400 mg/kg BB (EP-400), sedangkan kelompok Sitikolin diberi sitikolin dosis 200 mg/kg B. Pemberian perlakuan selama 35 hari. Injeksi TMT dilakukan pada hari ke-8 perlakuan dengan dosis 8 mg/kg BB secara intraperitoneal, kecuali pada kelompok normal. Pada hari ke 36 tikus dikorbankan, otak diambil, kemudian bagian hippocampus dipisahkan untuk pembuatan preparat imunohistokimia untuk pengamatan ekspresi gen caspase 8 di sel pyramidal daerah CA1 dan CA2CA3. Jumlah sel yang mengekspresikan gen caspase 8 pada sel pyramidal di daerah CA1 dan CA2CA3 dianalisis dengan uji anava satu jalur dilanjutkan dengan uji LSD dengan tingkat signikansi 0.05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian TMT meningkatkan secara signifikan jumlah sel yang mengekspresikan caspase 8 di daerah CA1 namun tidak pada daerah CA2CA3. Pemberian ekstrak pegagan dosis 400 mg/kg BB menurunkan secara signifikan ekspresi caspase 8 namun tidak terjadi pada dosis 100 dan 200 mg/kg BB. Dengan demikian ekstrak pegagan berpotensi dikembangkan untuk mencegah demensia.

Health problems due to exposure to cigarettes cause the body to fight against the occurrence of immune responses, one of which is leukocytes. The most common types of leukocytes are neutrophils, which are about 50-70% with a function as the body's line of defense against foreign substances. One of the toxic components in cigarettes is nicotine. Nicotine in cigarettes can induce the production of IL-1β. Black Cumin Seed Oil (BCSO) in various studies has been widely used as a supplement, especially as an immunomodulator. This study used a single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) method, with a total of 39 test subjects divided into four groups for 30 days. Group 1 received placebo 3x1 capsules/day, group 2 received BCSO 3x1 capsules/day, group 3 received BCSO 3x2 capsules/day, and group 4 received BCSO 3x3 capsules/day. Data analysis used a one-way ANOVA test to see the average neutrophils between treatment groups. While the average levels of IL-1β using the method of Kruskall Wallis. The test results are said to be significant if p 0.05. The p value of the ANOVA test was 0.16 neutrophil levels. In Kruskal Wallis, the –p value for IL-1β is 0.43. BCSO administration does not affect IL-1β levels in smokers and BCSO doses 3x1 capsules/day can reduce neutrophil levels.

Deoxyelephantopin is a lactone sesquiterpene compound that shows toxic effects on some cancer cells, otherwise, it is safe on normal cells. The combination of chemotherapy with this compound is intended to determine its effect in increasing the sensitivity of chemotherapy to MCF-7 cancer cells. Cell viability was determined through the MTT method (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-il) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) to determine the combined effect, while the number of cell deaths was determined through trypan blue staining. Giving deoxyelephantopin-doxorubicin combination to MCF-7 cells showed a synergistic effect with a CI < 0.7. The number of cells that died in the 1.52x and 2.12x combination treatments was higher than the single doxorubicin treatment each at IC50 and ½ IC50 concentrations, this confirms the synergistic effect of the combination. This research proves that deoxyelephantopin can increase the sensitivity and effectiveness of doxorubicin chemotherapy against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

The genes involved in cartilage degradation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis ( OA) are the Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta (NFĸβ) gene, which plays a vital role in modulating cartilage damage involving activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This pure experimental research aimed at analyzing the relationship between the expression of NFĸβ genes after administration of mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritis synoviocytes in vitro from Wharton's Jelly (WJ-MSCs). The samples were isolated from synovial tissues of patients with osteoarthritis who underwent Total Knee Replacement (TKR) surgery and then divided into six treatment groups, each with four replicates. Groups I and II were the synoviocyte-control classes of 24h and 48h (synoviocytes, incubated for 24 and 48 hours respectively). Groups III and IV were control groups of 24h and 48h WJ-MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells derived from the Wharton's Jelly, incubated for 24 and 48 hours respectively). Finally, Groups V and VI were the 24-hour and 48-hour co-cultural treatment groups (synoviocyte co-culture and WJ-MSCs, Incubated, for 24 and 48 hours respectively). Using qPCR, PGE2 gene and NF NFκβ gene expressions were observed in each population. Tests showed 0.61 and 0.61, respectively, after the administration of WJ-MSCs, the expressions of the NFκβ-p65 and PGE2 genes in the 24h classes. In the 48h group, meanwhile, both numbers fell to 0.15 and 0.47, respectively. These indicate a strong correlation between the NFκβ-p65 gene and PGE2 gene expressions in OA synovial cells after the administration of MSC-WJ (r = 0.903).

IL-1 is one of the cytokines involved in joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. IL-1 plays a role in maintaining the balance of proteolytic proteins:MMPs and TIMPs inhibitors. Increased expression and uncontrolled IL-1 activity tend to increase the role of MMPs in degrading proteoglycans and joint tissue collagen. This study aims to reveal the interaction model of one of the osteoarthritis drugs, namely diacerein. A drug belongs to a group of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) to suppressthe development of the disease rate, improving the structure and function of the cartilage and surrounding tissue. "In silico" digital test uses the technique of "molecular docking: used as a method of the approach using the MOE 2007.09 software application. The test material was in the form of a diacerein 3D structure and five control ligands, while the IL-1β / IL-1RI receptor template was downloaded from pdb.org (PDB ID: 1ITB). The ligand pharmacokinetic profile will also be displayed obtained through the ADMETSAR server. The docking results showed diacerein had the lowest docking score of -12.3285 kcal/mol with the strongest affinity, the best pharmacokinetic profile but more toxic. This study proves that the mechanism of diacerein inhibition of IL-1β / IL-1RI receptors is similar to dexamethasone, prednisolone,and minocycline.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease in one or more joints characterized by changes in pathological structures such as cartilage, hypertrophy, and remodeling of the subchondral bone and secondary inflammation of the synovium membrane, causing changes in joint components such as cells, matrices, and molecular production. At the molecular level, an imbalance between catabolic and anabolic activities in joint cartilage results in OA. Nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκβ) is a cytokine that plays an important role in the signaling pathway of the pathogenesis of OA in causing an inflammatory reaction, whereas interleukin (IL)-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that is involved in the pathogenesis of OA. AIM: This study aims to prove the influence before and after administration mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton’s jelly on the serum NFκβ and IL-10 levels in OA rat models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research is an experimental study with the design of post-test-only control group design. The sample consisted of 16 OA rats as a control group and 16 OA rats treated with MSC-WJ as a treatment group. OA induction is done by injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the intra-articular right knee. Giving MSC-WJ is done in the 3rd week after MIA induction. The serum NFκβ and IL-10 levels were measured after 3 weeks treated with MSC-WJ using the ELISA method. The statistical test used is an independent t-test. p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant. RESULTS: From the research results obtained, serum levels of knee OA of rat knee OA treated with mesenchymal stem cell Wharton jelly are lower than serum NFκβ levels of knee OA of the rat that is not treated, but the difference in levels of NFκβ is not significant (p > 0.05). The serum IL-10 level of rat OA of knee treated with mesenchymal stem cell Wharton jelly was higher than the serum IL-10 level of rat OA of the knee that was not treated, difference in levels of IL-10, is significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that MSC-WJ significantly decreased the serum NFκβ levels of OA rats and not significantly increased the serum IL-10 levels of OA rats.

Catechin and their derivatives have been studied to have antiviral potential against COVID-19 through in silico method “pharmacokinetics screening and molecular docking”. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles were obtained through the ADMETSAR server and SwissADME server. Then proceed with the prediction of affinity through the method molecular docking using the software application MOE 2007.09. The testmaterial is in the form of a 3D catechin structure and its derivatives as well as several control ligands downloaded via Pubmed. While templatethe Receptor M pro protein and the Spike glycoprotein are downloaded from pdb.org (PDB ID: 6LU7 and 6LXT). The pharmacokinetic profile of catechins is relatively better than all control ligands with the lowest toxicity. Molecular docking results also show that catechins and theirderivatives have a stronger affinity than control ligands. This research proves that catechin has antiviral potential through inhibition of Mpro protein and Spike glycoprotein COVID-19 virus.