As indicated by the title, this short book is an effort to explain Marx's and Engels' philosophy of history. An outgrowth of Ross Gandy's Ph.D. dissertation, the work is based on a reading of the 40-volume Marx-Engels Werke, the Grundrisse and Notes on Indian History. This ambitious project is much to Gandy's credit in that it has enabled him to synthesize the many ideas of Marx and Engels on history which are scattered throughout their various works and correspondence. As a pedagogical tool, however, the book suffers from a failure to include in either the text or the footnotes sufficient reference to the identity of the works cited by the author. Whether one is interested in assessing the significance of the supportive evidence used by Gandy to establish his point of view or in pursuing an interesting point mentioned in the text, access to the MarxEngels Werke is indispensable.

the summer of 1903, the Heidelberg sociologist Max Weber had a visit from Hugo Munsterberg, a Harvard professor known for his pioneering work in the new field of applied psychology. Dr. Munsterberg was promoting an international gathering of scholars from many disciplines, to be held in St. Louis, Missouri, the next year. He invited Weber to attend, and to present a paper on Germany's rural community. Weber, then thirty-nine, had not been well. He had suffered a nervous collapse five years earlier, had been institutionalized at intervals, and had lived for a time in Italy in the hope of regaining his intellectual stamina. He was still unable to teach, but by 1903 he had resumed some of his scholarly work. Munsterberg's invitation, and the prospect of visiting the world's most advanced industrial nation, elated him; he accepted immediately. Weber's lecture at the St. Louis Congress of Arts and Science in the fall of 1904 his first public appearance in more than four years provided the occasion for an extensive American tour that was pivotally important to the development of his social and political thought. Until 1899, Weber had been engaged almost entirely in research on agrarian policies in the eastern provinces of Prussia. In the United States he would be able to observe at first hand the revolutionary force of modern capitalism the force that was about to destroy traditional social structures in East Elbia, and would introduce modern capitalist calculation into peasant landholdings as well as the management of the estates of Prussia's landed aristocracy, the Junkers. Cut off from their traditional lineages with the land, agrarian workers were now being paid hourly wages, like the industrial proletariat. Weber saw this as a major factor behind the

Max Weber's magnum opus Economy and Society ( Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Soziologie ) was for the most part published only after his premature death in June 1920. Only the chapters on basic sociological terms, the categories of social action, and the Three Types of Legitimate Domination were sent to the publishers by Weber himself; the other manuscripts were found in a pile on his desk. The editions by Marianne Weber and Melchior Palyi and by Johannes F. Winckelmann are in many ways unsatisfactory, and the controversy about the correct composition of Economy and Society persists. This article reconstructs the origins of the various texts of Economy and Society on the basis of the available source material, notably the correspondence between Weber, Marianne Weber, and the publishers. It shows that in many ways the editions available at present do not live up to Max Weber's own intentions. Both the arrangement and the precise wording of the texts are unreliable, and the time sequence of the texts written from 1909 to 1914 and then in part rewritten and reorganized in 1919–1920 is uncertain. A segment of an earlier draft of parts of the chapter on Communities ( Gemeinschaften ) found among Weber's papers allows the conclusion that as early as 1905–1906, Weber had outlined a universal historical scheme of all known civilizations. This is to say that Economy and Society is not as closely linked to Weber's work on the Outline of Social Economics ( Grundriss der Sozialkonomic ) as has been previously assumed. This article offers a precise reconstruction of the complicated history of Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Soziologie —the exact title agreed upon by Weber and his publisher Paul Siebeck shortly before his death. It shows the development ofWeber's theoretical conceptions and the corresponding changes of his terminology much more clearly, and paves the way to a better understanding of his magnum opus .