The global aging process is accelerating, and the demand for long-term care is increasing. Although there is abundant research on the demand for long-term care insurance, studies on the factors affecting its service supply are relatively scarce. This study employed a cross-sectional research design, utilizing a questionnaire survey conducted across 3,315 long-term care facilities in China. The survey aimed to identify the fundamental, operational, policy, economic and demographic factors that affect the supply of long-term care services in China. Most of the 3,315 designated long-term care facilities were non-profit, independent and privately owned, concentrated in residential communities in East China. Facilities located in areas with better economic support, and larger elderly populations showed greater service capacity. Moreover, factors such as treatment payments for severely disabled individuals, regional GDP, the proportion of the population aged 60 and above, facility ownership, whether the facility is part of a chain, geographic location, the presence of digital tools and talent incentive mechanisms, as well as the implementation of professional staff training, were all significantly associated with actual operational performance. This study reflects the service supply of LTCFs from three dimensions, namely service provision capacity, practical operational performance, and service items. The analysis indicates that LTCI financing design, the level of economic development, the proportion of the elderly population, the presence of digital tools and talent incentive mechanisms, the implementation of professional staff training, etc., affect service supply outcomes across various dimensions differently. Not applicable.

This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020, synthesizes findings of 40 empirical studies from Web of Science database to explore the complex transition from entrepreneurial intention (EI) to entrepreneurial behavior (EB). The analysis reveals a field constrained by theoretical fragmentation that fail to integrate psychological, social, and contextual dimensions, a methodological overreliance on student samples and cross-sectional designs; and a neglect of key contextual mediators and moderators such as digital disruption and serendipity. In response, we propose an integrated, multi-level framework that clarifies how psychological, social, and institutional factors interact to bridge the EI-EB gap. This framework offers a significant theoretical advancement by reconciling disparate theoretical lenses and provides actionable guidance for scholars, educators, and policymakers seeking to foster more effective entrepreneurial action in a volatile, post-pandemic world. We also highlight the need for longitudinal and mixed-method research, as well as greater sample diversity beyond academic settings.

PurposeThis study aims to develop a process model that captures the co-evolution of supply chain risk management (SCRM) and value creation. The model is designed to support multinational small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in addressing the challenges of geopolitical disruptions, such as the US-China trade war, by providing a framework for simultaneously strengthening SCRM and enhancing value delivery in the global supply chain.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed an inductive case study methodology to construct a theoretical process model of SCRM, drawing on data from semi-structured interviews with eight multinational SMEs impacted by the US-China trade war since January 2018. Using grounded theory techniques-including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding-the interview data were systematically analyzed to develop a process model that captures the complexities of managing supply chain risks in a volatile geopolitical context.FindingsThis study presents a process model illustrating the co-evolution of SCRM and value creation within firms in response to geopolitical disruptions. The evolutionary process of SCRM progresses through four stages: decoding disruption dynamics, synergizing the information ecosystem, catalyzing adaptive transformation, and architecting resilient adaptation. Correspondingly, the value creation process evolves alongside SCRM, aligning with each stage. It includes value-contextualized recalibration, value-driven communication, value-centric customization, and value-sustained resilience.Originality/valueThis study offers a novel contribution by developing a process model that captures the co-evolution of SCRM and value creation. It identifies four critical stages in the SCRM life cycle, each intricately aligned with corresponding phases of value creation. This integrated framework provides a strategic pathway for firms to navigate supply chain risks while simultaneously enhancing value delivery, particularly in the context of geopolitical disruptions such as the US-China trade war. By linking SCRM and value creation, the study equips multinational SMEs with a practical and comprehensive roadmap for building resilience and competitiveness in an increasingly volatile global environment.

Previous environmental research used a general conceptualization of moral norms (e.g., it is my moral obligation to recycle) without specifying the exact moral underpinning of such a conceptualization. This analysis examined how five basic moral foundations (i.e., harm, fairness, ingroup loyalty, authority, and purity) were associated with Chinese residents’ waste-sorting attitudes and intentions. This analysis used data from a cross-sectional online survey of 459 Chinese residents conducted in 2021. The results revealed that value-expressive attitudes were a fairly strong predictor of waste-sorting intentions, whereas attitudes about inconvenience and time were a weak predictor. Further analysis of direct and total relationships revealed that the moral foundations of ingroup loyalty and authority were the primary moral foundations for the Chinese participants; the effects were both direct and mediated by the value-expressive attitudes. Using detailed attitudinal and moral foundations can provide explanatory adequacy and specificity for environmental research and education efforts.

Entrepreneurial fear of failure (EFoF) is a psychological barrier to college entrepreneurship. Current research on EFoF among college students is at an emerging stage, and relevant evidence, such as the factors influencing EFoF, remains unclear and unsystematic. Most EFoF studies treat college students as general entrepreneurs, neglecting their unique social identities and situational contexts that influence their EFoF, such as parents and education. It is essential to provide a thorough and organized review to comprehensively understand the role of the EFoF in college student entrepreneurship. A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR protocol to offer a broad exploration and mapping of the literature. This review identified 35 studies published from 2010 to 2023 through a rigorous search and sift across five prominent databases. Descriptive and thematic analyses revealed 1) the characteristics of the included studies, 2) the exogenous and endogenous factors that influence college students' EFoF, 3) the outcomes of EFoF on college students, and 4) research gaps. By mapping and synthesizing the literature, this scoping review contributes to the theory by providing a comprehensive overview of EFoF among college students and identifying research gaps, which illuminates future research directions. The findings also offer practical insights for entrepreneurship practitioners, including college student entrepreneurs, policymakers, and educators, to better understand the role of EFoF among college students, thus effectively promoting the development of college student entrepreneurship.

Although prior research has explored the influence of board’s external connectedness on corporate fraud in the U.S., how such influence works in economies with concentrate ownership like China remain largely unexplored. The highly concentrated ownership in China not only exacerbates principal-principal conflicts but also lead to the formation of director subgroup within the board and the separation of board’s external social networks. To explore the impact of board’s social network on corporate fraud in such a unique context in China, it is important to adopt a subgroup-level network lens. Filling this gap, using a binary probit regression model with partial observability on 1,530 Chinese publicly listed companies with corporate violation announcements data from 2003 to 2013, this study analyzes the impact of two director subgroup interlocking networks on corporate fraud occurrence and fraud detection. The empirical results show that high centrality in the dependent director subgroup interlocking network contributes to fraud deterrence, and the high centrality in the independent director subgroup interlocking network facilitates both fraud deterrence and fraud detection. This study contributes to corporate governance research by exploring the influence of social networks on corporate fraud with a subgroup-level network lens in China. Meanwhile, the formulation of two parallel director subgroup interlocking networks introduces a novel analytical framework for future interlocking directorship research in scenarios where the board is subject to a structured division.

PurposeAlthough green logistics has become a new focus of cooperation between government and enterprises under environmental constraints, how local governments formulate subsidy policies to effectively guide the green transformation of regional logistics and how to facilitate the reasonable cost-sharing are rather critical. This paper will deeply explore the dynamic process of the tripartite participation (government, platform, and logistics enterprises) in the selection of regional green logistics strategy, and reveal the evolutionary game relationship of the three parties.Design/methodology/approachTo explore the dynamics involving the government, platform and logistics enterprises for the green logistic transformation, and reveal the evolutionary gaming among the three parties, based on the bounded rationality premise, this study constructs the tripartite asymmetric evolutionary game models, uses the stability theorem of differential equation to explore the evolution and stability strategy of the system in different cases and explicates the paths of influence on the tripartite behaviors via simulations.FindingsResults of this study indicate that there exist stable equilibrium strategies among the three parties regarding the regional green logistics, and they are affected by different factors. The government's subsidy, subsidy intensity and the platform's cost-sharing proportion can generate positive effects, but the latter two can also impact negatively beyond the effective ranges. The findings provide a theoretical basis for local governments, platforms and logistics enterprises to formulate justifiable subsidy intensity and determine reasonable sharing proportion.Originality/valueFirstly, considering the significant relevance of local government, it is included in the evolution model, and the tripartite game (among government, platform and enterprises) is explored; Secondly, by comparing the equilibrium results under different game conditions, this paper analyzes the evolution of each party's game strategy to achieve the optimal return under bounded rationality and the important factors determining the strategic selection; Finally, the key factor of platform cost sharing is involved, and to what extent the change of platform cost sharing ratio will influence the systematic stability is explored.

IntroductionDoes an entrepreneur's prior experience affect the early-stage performance of new ventures? This study further explores the mediating effect of the entrepreneurial mindset, indicated by the quality of business plans, between entrepreneurs' prior experience and the early-stage performance of their new ventures.MethodsThe sample consists of 157 valid formal business plan documents from the “2021 Gusu Science and Technology Angel Program.” The study employs an evaluation system developed to measure the quality of these business plans and assess the entrepreneurial mindset levels.ResultsThe results reveal the mechanism through which prior experience influences early-stage performance. It indicates that entrepreneurs aiming for high long-term new venture performance should focus on learning and acquiring diverse experiences.DiscussionThe opportunity to write and evaluate their business plans can serve as a self-assessment tool for their entrepreneurial mindset using the evaluation system developed in this study. This approach can significantly enhance their performance and contribute to entrepreneurial success. Moreover, by employing this evaluation system, educators and educational institutions can better understand the entrepreneurial mindset levels of trainees (entrepreneurs) and tailor their courses more effectively.

Following on from reviews about social networks and entrepreneurship published more than 10 years ago, this article updates our knowledge by reviewing and grouping representative studies among 693 articles selected from the Web of Science. This review identifies research patterns in major subrealms, examines research achievements in the light of earlier reviews' suggestions discusses directions for further research, and develops an integrative framework to advance theory and empirical knowledge of social networks and entrepreneurship.

Dynamic capabilities are essential for micro-startups to identify and exploit opportunities in the era of digitalization. Entrepreneurs must exercise their digital leadership to enhance organizational dynamic capabilities, particularly in fragile micro-startups with weak structures and unclear work routines. The case study adopted a constructivist grounded theory to explore how entrepreneurs adopt their digital leadership to influence the micro-startups' dynamic capabilities in China. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 entrepreneurs managing micro-ventures in the digital sectors in East China. Five themes were identified to interpret the impact: 1) opportunities beneath the uncertainty, 2) constraints evoke breakthroughs, 3) ambition balance furthers entrepreneurship, 4) maintaining entrepreneurship in flux, and 5) shared vision engines the entrepreneurship team. The study broadens the theoretical understanding of digital leadership and dynamic capabilities. It also provides digital practitioners with insights to improve their leadership, benefiting the survival and development of micro-startups within the digital context.

Background: Excessive out-of-pocket payments (OOP) as a share of total health expenditure (THE) may lead to financial catastrophe and health inequity. Spatiotemporal studies on OOP share are scarce. We aim to explore the spatial distribution pattern, identify the dynamic determinants of the OOP as a share of THE in different regions.Methods: The Global Moran’s I index was applied to assess the spatial autocorrelation of OOP as a proportion of THE. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to explain the relationship between the OOP as a share of THE and influencing factors, and to diagnose multicollinearity. The GTWR model was established to compare with the OLS and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models. Meanwhile, the relationship between the OOP as a share of THE and related influencing factors in mainland China from 2015 to 2020 was explored based on the GTWR model.Findings: The OOP as a share of THE exhibited an obvious spatial correlation feature, and the high financial burden of personal health tend to occur in eastern and middle regions. Urbanization rate (UR), population ageing rate (PAR), GDP per capita (GDPPC), participation rate of urban workers' basic medical insurance (PRUWBMI) and average length of stay for hospital discharges (ALSHD) represented significant effects on OOP as a share of THE, with GDPPC and UR representing the greatest impact. The GTWR model outperformed OLS and GWR for determining the relations between the OOP as a share of THE and the relevant influencing factors.Interpretation: The heterogeneity of the influence patterns of OOP as a share of THE exists from economically underdeveloped to developed regions. GDPPC and UR are the most significant drivers of the OOP as a share of THE, especially in the underdeveloped regions. These results of this study demonstrate the importance of different measures for different regions to reduce the OOP as a share of THE, and to reduce the national or global personal burden of health economy ultimately.\Funding: Centre for Health Development Research of China Health and Wellness Commission, Gansu Provincial Health Commission of China, and Gansu Medical Protection Bureau of China.Declaration of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.\

Background In September 2019, the "4 + 7" centralized procurement pilot program was expanded nationwide aiming at reducing drug prices by means of volume-based procurement and using accredited generic drugs for branded drug substitutes. Given the current uncertain effect of the policy outside pilot areas, this study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the National Volume-based Procurement policy on the use of policy-related drugs after expansion.Method A single-group interrupted time series was applied using drug purchase data, covering 25 months from December 2018 to December 2020. Drugs related to the centralized procurement policy were selected as samples, including 25 first-batch policy-related drugs and 56 alternative drugs. Centralized procured drugs can be divided into bid-winning and non-winning products, where non-winning products were sorted into generic and branded drugs, and alternative products were classified according to different degrees of substitution. Purchase volume, expenditures, and daily costs were measured.Results After the implementation of the policy, a significant increase was associated with the volume of bid-winning drugs (p < 0.001) and the volume of generic and branded drugs decreased immediately. The DDDc of drugs under the same generic name significantly reduced (an instantaneous drop of bid-winning drugs by approximately 25%, 7.62 CNY for generics and 3.07 CNY for branded drugs), saving 48.2 million CNY of drug expenditures. The policy has a significant effect on the drug for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and exerted little influence on the drug for the treatment of nervous diseases, and the substitution of generics for antitumor-branded drugs was not obvious. In addition, the procurement volume of alternative drugs appeared to be a "carry-over".Conclusions These findings indicated that the policy demonstrated positive effects in terms of price reductions and cost savings and accelerated the substitution of generics against branded drugs. The "patent cliff" for branded drugs has gradually emerged. Besides, a short-term "spillover effect" of the volume of alternative drugs was observed, requiring special attention and vigilance.

If employees have access to additional relevant knowledge and information, they can be more innovative, which is a reason for many firms to ally. Key in an alliance is the sharing of existing and creating of new knowledge, but transferring knowledge inside an alliance is not obvious or easy. Knowledge exchanged within an alliance must be perceived as relevant in order for it to be used. If individuals in an alliance can readily perceive knowledge to be relevant, the right knowledge is transferred and is transferred in an efficient manner. Building on stickiness of knowledge and knowledge relevance theory, we examine the relationship between an individual's job experience as well as intrinsic motivation on the one hand, on their perception of the relevance of others' knowledge on the other hand. These relationships are positively moderated by an individual's favourable position and connection strength in the network of individuals engaged in the alliance, respectively. We find a weak but insignificant negative relationship between job experience and perceived knowledge relevance. Being well‐positioned in a network brings out the positive effect of job experience, as expected, whereas connection strength does not further enhance the positive effect of intrinsic motivation.

Smart mine is an anti-maneuvering obstacle weapon that can effectively shape the terrain, damage armored vehicles such as tanks, and delay the enemy's attacks on the battlefield. With their excellent ability to block attacks, smart mines based on advanced technologies such as sensor technology, battery technology, etc., have become a research hot spot in military-related fields, and developed countries such as the United States have begun to strengthen their research on new advanced mine-weapons. Considering the characteristics of smart mines, the article focused on the application status of smart mines and summarized the key technologies and research achievements. In order to evaluate the development trends of smart mines, an analysis model for evaluating technologies was proposed. The result shows that sensor technology and remote control are critical technologies to renovate smart mines and eliminate humanitarian issues. The development trends of smart mines were summarized and prospected.

水土资源是农业生产发展不可或缺的重要资源.然而,水资源时空分布不均匀、与耕地分布不匹配已成为影响中国农业可持续发展的关键问题.本文基于现有耕地,面向粮食生产保障与水资源可持续利用的协同,以保障粮食产量的同时减少水资源消耗、降低区域水资源压力为目标,基于像元尺度作物产量、用水量、区域水资源压力等数据,采用CPLEX优化模型,开展中国主要作物(大豆、水稻、玉米、小麦)格局优化,并从作物用水效率和水资源压力两方面分析其水资源效应.结果表明:①保证产量不变的前提下进行分省作物格局优化,最多可减少用水总量3.63×1010 m3(降幅为9.60％),平均基线水压力从1.42降至0.90,播种面积可缩减3.08x 106 hm2(降幅为3.29％);②不同作物优化方向不一,大豆在东北区北部和黄淮海区南部应调减,水稻主要在长江中下游区和华南区中部进行格局调整,玉米整体向东北方向转移,主要在东北区和黄淮海区内部调整,而小麦主要在黄淮海区与长江中下游区北部进行调整;③作物协同优化下,小麦灌溉耗水可减少3.08％,其余3种作物减少幅度在20％～30％,水稻灌溉耗水减少量最大(8.52×109m3);④不同省份作物格局优化对区域水资源的影响有所不同,黑龙江、新疆、内蒙古和安徽四省(区)作物格局优化对灌溉耗水减少量的贡献最大,四川、甘肃和山东则主要体现为作物向水资源压力更小的区域转移,但灌溉总耗水量有小幅增加.本文可为农业生产中的水土资源可持续利用提供决策建议和技术支撑.

Diabetes is associated with high morbidity, mortality and quality-of-life impairment in patients. In China, the number of people suffering from diabetes ranks first in the world. Gansu Province is located in northwest China and is an economically underdeveloped region of China. By analyzing the level of health service utilization of people with diabetes in Gansu Province, the degree of equity in health service utilization and its influencing factors were studied to provide scientific data to support the promotion of health equity for people with diabetes and the introduction of relevant policies by relevant authorities. A sample of 282 people with diabetes who were 15 years old and above was chosen by multi-stage stratified sampling method. A structured questionnaire survey was conducted via face-to-face interviews. Random forest and logistic regression analysis were used to demonstrate the effects of the explanatory variables on health seeking behaviors from predisposing, enabling and need variables. The concentration index was used to indicate the equity of health service utilization across households of different economic levels. The outpatient rate for the diabetic population surveyed was 92.91

The outbreak of Covid-19 affects China’s health delivery system, and the current status of primary health services after the Covid-19 pandemic is not yet clear. To further explore the current status of demands of family health services, we conducted a cross-sectional survey, in the community of Haidian District, Beijing. Chi-square test analysis and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors influencing residents’ demands for family healthcare services. Results show that population of married (OR = 3.108), living with parents (OR = 2.171), degree of Junior high school and above (OR = 7.250) and high school (OR = 7.670), Annual income: 0 - 56,000 (OR = 3.680) and 72,001 - 88,000 (OR = 1.690) have significant demands for family health care. The approach to building primary health services in Haidian District is worth promoting, but it is also important to pay attention to the health inequalities that can occur when patients are moved down to the grassroots level.