作为中华优秀传统文化的有机组成部分,传统乡规民约在调节乡村社会关系、维护乡村社会稳定等方面发挥了积极效用,积累了丰富的治理经验与智慧.当代乡村治理的转型与村规民约的重构,需要从传统乡规民约中汲取治理理念与经验,应恪守"共同体利益至上"为核心的道德理性,遵循"公同酌议"的议事规则,嵌入"家国一体"的治理理念.在秉持批判继承原则基础上,从"立约有序"与"执约有效"两个方面,推动传统乡规民约有机融入当代村规民约之中,以期促进中华优秀传统文化在乡村社会的传播与认同,增强乡民对村规民约的"内化于心,外化于行",助推乡村治理体系与治理能力现代化.

作为乡村社会重要的治理手段,乡规民约的实施效果深刻影响着乡村社会的治理实效及其国家整体治理水平.通过对乡规民约的历史性考察,发现乡规民约的功能定位与实施的具体效果之间有着一定的内在关系.面对乡村社会巨变与城镇化快速推进的时代挑战,当代乡规民约只有将其功能定位与乡民的需求高度契合,才有可能取得乡民的认可与支持,合作基础上的道德约束功能才能由此而产生并发挥作用.

注意力代表政府对特定事务的关注,注意力的变动能够改变政策选择的结果.通过对2000—2018年期间的国务院政府工作报告的文本分析发现,中央政府对农业转移人口市民化的注意力强度总体水平较高,呈现出"平缓上升—陡然下降—逐渐回升"的波动性特征;随着中央政府执政理念转变以及农业转移人口需求特征的变化,中央政府注意力指向发生着从关注农业转移人口基本生存权到发展权的变迁趋势,相关政策则经历了从维护农业转移人口权益的保护性政策到扶助农业转移人口发展的支持性政策的转型.研究认为,作为新型城镇化以及乡村振兴的关键机制之一,农业转移人口市民化理应得到中央政府的长期高度关注.同时,作为城市发展中的弱势群体,农业转移人口尽管具有日益强烈的市民化倾向,但很难通过自我提升实现市民化,需要中央政府的长期关注与扶助,中央政府市民化注意力指向应继续聚焦于居住证制度的完善、户籍制度的改革、实现城市基本公共服务和福利待遇对城市常住人口的全覆盖,并针对农业转移人口的重点福利诉求制定倾斜性政策.此外,还应加强制度整合,克服农业转移人口市民化政策的"碎片化"倾向,构建较为完善的农业转移人口市民化政策体系.

地方农业高校的通识教育对服务于"三农"的优秀专业人才的培养意义重大.然而,通过对某地方农业大学通识教育状况的个案调查,发现通识教育建设存在内涵认知不清、全人教育理念凸显不足、内容设置与学生需求契合度较低、教学效果不甚理想等问题.在金课建设的影响与带动下,通过更新教育理念、调适教学目标、科学规划课程体系、适当提升课程难度、优化考核评价等措施,提升地方农业高校的通识教育建设质量,更好助力地方农业高校的人才培养.

《齐民要术》的传播是其得以在世界农业发展史上产生巨大影响的关键机制.然而,对其传播史的整体性研究却付之阙如.本文基于传播学的视角,运用文本分析方法,以厘清《齐民要术》的传播轨迹、动因、内容、效果及其影响因素.研究表明:承载的重农思想、丰厚而实用的农业知识与技术、“自上而下”的强力推动、形式多样的传播媒介不仅使《齐民要术》被后世农书大量引录,还对海内外的农业生产产生深刻影响.同时,传播主体的精英化、传播方式的口语化也制约了《齐民要术》的精准传播乃至推广应用.

作为一种非正式制度，乡规民约凭借其自身的内生性、非强制性、灵活性等特点以及所具有的中介、整合、道德教化与文化认同功能，依然具有重要的当代价值。然而，农村社会的历史性巨变、乡规民约自身建设的诸多问题以及国家力量的过度干预，在一定程度上又导致乡规民约逐渐虚置化。当前，对乡规民约的价值认同、国家-社区组织-广大村民等治理主体合理的角色配置、科学的制度重构、完善的措施保障，是乡规民约摆脱虚置、重新焕发活力的可能路径。

明清时期,在沿海地区人地矛盾加剧、海洋群体壮大、海上贸易网络形成等历史背景之下,渔团、渔帮、渔民公所等海洋民间组织逐渐发育,并成为海洋管理的重要组成部分.而海洋产业的发展状况、国家海洋政策的变迁以及海洋民间组织成员的观念与素质等因素直接影响了这一时期海洋民间组织的发展.

During the process of evolution of the traditional village rules, the state power always emerged and transformed different role in the different times under double efforts from the local community and the state power. This change of the role of the state power had double effect for the development of the traditional village rules and even the whole of rural society. On the one side, it promoted the scale of the traditional rules, increased the legality of the traditional rules, and strengthened the authority of the rural organizations. However, on the other side, this change of the role also caused some negative effects such as the degenerating of the traditional rules' nature, the decreasing of identity of the villagers, the dropping of the power of the rural organizations and weakening of self-government ability of the villagers. And this negative effect leaded to the rural society management out of control eventually.

明清以至民国时期,既是中国国内海洋经济与海洋社会形成、发展的时期,又是中外海洋社会经济大碰撞的时期.这一时期,伴随着国家海洋政策的不断变化,传统海洋管理形式出现较大调整,海洋民间组织作为海洋管理的新生力量开始登上历史舞台,陆续出现“渔民帮会”、“渔民公所”、“渔团”、“渔会”等多种组织形态,并在海洋渔业生产等方面发挥了重要作用.但同时,其自身所具有的封闭性和排外性特点以及来自政府权威的压力和干涉,又极大地限制了这种作用的发挥.

This article examines some of the forms of water management in Shanxi [..] and Shaanxi [..] provinces during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Facing serious water shortages and shrinking state power for water management, the local society in Shanxi and Shaanxi took over water management and gradually formed a local self-government system for the water resources. Depending on water management organizations in which the local gentry were the core power, the water rules were based on natural topographic conditions, historical water practices in the locality, traditional moral-ethical ideas, and even water policies and water laws. This water management system played a positive role in mobilizing the participation of members, preventing opportunistic behavior such as free riding and rent seeking, while decreasing the probability of water conflicts and the costs of litigation. However, this water management system was also subject to endemic corruption because of the lack of effective monitoring from the local government. As similar problems appear to exist in China today, this article analyzes the features of this water management system, and examines the problems that faced those systems so as to provide a warning from history for modern society.

China has been a thirsty country with an uneven water distribution in both time and space since the ancient times.The serious droughts plaguing many areas in recent years had inflicted heave losses to the national economy and undermined the harmonious society construction.Drought and water shortage have become a cross-regional national issue faced by all the nation and they defy a pure independent technological solution.Therefore,drawing on the traditional water use beliefs and behaviors of intensive water conservation,mutual tolerance and courtesy,interest sharing and harmonious coexistence,fostering the conception of unified water resource planning,exploitation and harmonious coexistence with the nature,being more mindful of potential perils,nurturing the conception of sustainable water development and harmonious water use:all of these should be important path or way-out choice for the water conservancy,use and management.

The previous studies are full of discussions on folk rules.However,when the first written form of folk rules came into being is still a controversial topic.Most scholars tend to claim that the Folk Rule of Lü of the Northern Song Dynasty is the first rule in the history.Some scholars think that the first rule has come into being in the Eastern Han Dynasty.Based on the text of the wooden tablet The Rules for Medium-sized Businessmen excavated from No.10 Han Tomb in Fenghuang Mountain of Jiangling in Hubei,this paper analyzes the production level and modes in the Western Han Dynasty,interprets the rules in a new way,and claims that the first rule has appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty.

粮食分布的区域性差异决定粮食流通的作用。早在战国秦汉时期,即萌发形成我国古代农业领域商品经济发展的第一次高潮。自宋元以后,粮食的市场流通有日趋加重之势。古代的粮食流通既遵循市场供求原则,又遵循指令性计划的原则。总体看,古代粮食流通在大部分时间里还是以国家的指令性计划为主,辅以市场调节,这样的流通体制有利于保证国家的急需,有利于保持社会稳定,有利于维护统治阶级的统治地位,但却大大降低了粮食流通在保障区域粮食安全方面的作用。同时,古代粮食流通的局限性与其社会制度的缺陷密不可分。

Shanxi and Shaanxi are located in arid and semi arid areas of China.Facing serious water shortages and shrinking state power for water management,the management of water resource in these areas had a self-governance tendency in which the village gentry were the core power during the Ming and Qing dynasties.This water management system played a positive role in preventing opportunistic behaviors such as free riding and rent seeking,decreasing the probability of water conflicts and the costs of litigation.However,this water management system was also subject to endemic corruption because of the lack of effective monitoring from the local government.In addition,the ordinary peasants were deprived of the right to participate water management,so the effect of this self-management was limited.

Facing serious water shortages and shrinking state power for water management,the water resource management in Shanxi and Shaanxi in the Ming and Qing periods appeared a tend of self-government of the local society.Water management organizations in which the local gentry were the core power took over water management and gradually formed a set of water rules which were based on natural topographic conditions,historical water practices in the locality,traditional moral-ethical ideas,and even water laws.Depending on strict executing for these water rules,these two regions maintained a relatively harmonious order of using water.The effect of this water management system was showed at some fields such as the booming development of the small-scare water projects and the fast solve of the water lawsuits.However,this water management system was also subject to endemic drawbacks.Firstly,the local gentry for the leader of the local water management organization corrupted inevitably because of the lack of effective monitoring from the local government and the effect of the concept of the local water interest.In addition,the ordinary peasants could not enter leadership positions in the local water community because of their poor knowledge,wealth and prestige.So,the democracy of this water management system was limited.

海洋和谐社区的构建主要强调人海和谐共处、双向给予和海洋活动中人际关系和谐。社会工作作为一种不以营利为目的的助人自助的专业性社会服务活动,在促进海洋社会整合、实现社会公平和公正、维护社会稳定和谐以及促进海洋社会与海洋社区成员的全面发展等方面将会发挥越来越重要的作用。

Depending on enforcing strictly the traditional village rules and morality of using water which contained a kind of high-restrained,mutual-tolerant spirit and the wisdom and self-sacrifice spirit of local water organization,Si She Wu Cun' obtained the highest environment benefits with a minimum cost of water resources in an extreme acid area.This case demonstrates that non-governmental organization how to manage successfully water resources with historical heritage,especially constraint and guidance in spirit level,and it could play a referential role for the management and using of water resources in modern north rural area.

明清晋陕地区广大农村社区的水资源管理出现了民间化趋势,乡规民约逐渐代替国家政令成为水资源管理的主体。乡规民约通过对农田灌溉和生活用水的管理,既强化了对个人的用水行为在道德层面的评判乃至监督和约束,有效弱化了乡民在用水过程中少＂出夫＂多用水的行为和意识上的＂搭便车＂心理,同时也避免了共同体成员为了追求最大的自身经济效益而滥用水资源,使得共同体成员的利益在尽可能的范围内达到最大。乡规民约在乡村社会中所具有的法律性地位及其极强的传承性、定量化分配用水方法,对晋陕地区以＂水＂为中心的社会关系体系的和谐、有序运行起到了软控制的作用。

As an important way of village control,the traditional village regulations and rules evolved and developed continually in the interaction between village elites,governments and peasants.Within this system,these three powers played different roles.Village elites were advocators,constitutors and executants of these rules,the governments of the different levels were supervisors and supporters of them,and the peasants determined whether or not these tradition rules were successful.So,we should ensure smooth relationship and correct allocation of rules between them,especially ensure the peasants' right of speaking and participating in the villager regulations and rules in order to ensure a healthy development and effective execution of modern village regulations and rules.

大力发展乡村先进文化是建设西部社会主义新农村的根本前提和文化基础,西部乡村文化发展的滞后性和传统文化资源的丰富性要求深化对西部乡村文化的研究,研究的理论视角包括西部乡村文化多元格局及其特点、西部乡规民约、风俗习惯、西部乡村农民科技意识、西部乡土文学与民间艺术、西部乡村文化的现代化转型研究等多个方面。