The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of addition of probiotics EM alone or in combination with microbial phytase on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing pheasants receiving corn and soybean -based diet. A 2×2 factorial arrangement was designed to involve two adding level of probiotics (0 and 0.1% )and phytase (0 and 300 U·kg-1). Addition of EM or phytase alone or their combination significantly increased body weight gain, feed efficiency and apparent digestibility of nutrients in pheasant during weeks 7 to 11. Average daily gain of birds was increased by 8.95(P<0.05)or 5.34(P< 0.05)by addition probiotics or phytase, respectively, but feed intakes and average body weight were not significantlyinfluenced. Compared with control, apparent metabolizable energy content, and apparent digestibilities of crude protein and phophorus and N retained were improved by 6.2(P<0.05), 4.8(P<0.05) and 4.9(P<0.05), and retained N was improved by 6.45(P< 0.05), respectively, by addition of probiotics along with phytase. It is inferred that addition of probiotics in combination with phytase exhibits a positive interation on the growth performance and utilization of nutrients in growing pheasants.

人工采取6只优质芬兰雄性蓝狐精液,利用不同OEP及卵黄含量的Tris-果糖-柠檬酸钠稀释液稀释,制成细管冻精,透射电镜下观察精子冷冻前后质膜和顶体超微结构,荧光免疫方法检测不同培养时间冻融精子的质量.结果表明,蓝狐精子顶体外膜双层膜的厚度为0.020 μm,冷冻-解冻过程中易发生质膜膨胀、顶体外膜融合现象.顶体产生的囊泡分两种类型,一种是体积较大的中空囊泡,平均直径为1.25μm.另一种是体积较小的实体囊泡,内充满顶体内容物,平均直径为0.83 μm,两种囊泡的数量不定.OEP能有效抑制顶体囊泡形成,影响顶体囊泡类型、体积大小及囊泡数量,添加适宜剂量OEP能使顶体囊泡的体积明显缩小,囊泡的总数及中空囊泡的数量显著降低.蓝狐冻融精子质量与OEP及卵黄剂量有关,在卵黄存在的前提下,OEP有利于维持冻融过程中质膜(56.3%)、顶体的完整性(57.8%),显著提高冻融精子活力(54.7%).在蓝狐精液稀释液中,OEP、卵黄的适宜含量分别为1%、20%[动物学报50(4):583-592,2004].

Eight high quality male blue foxes from Finland were chosen for semen collection by digital manipulation and diluted with the extender Ⅰ.The diluted sperm were divided into four fractions and the same volume of the extender Ⅱ containing glycerol was added to reach the final glycerol concentration of 2%,4%,6%,8% (v/v) ,respectively.After equilibrated for 2 h at 5 ℃.Semen samples were packed in 0.5 mL plastic straws and frozen on a rack 5 cm above liquid nitrogen and thawed at 70 ℃ for 9 s.Before and after freezing-thawing,not only the effects of different concentrations of glycerol on changes of spermatozoa characteristics but also the alterations of ultrastructure of spermatozoa by Transmission Electron Microscope were studied.The results showed,the motility and plasma membrane integrity of spermatozoa together with the percentage of intact acrosomes were related to the dose of glycerol.All these characteristics reached the highest in the fraction that the final glycerol concentration was 4% (41.8%,43.6%,48.4%) and the lowest appeared in the fraction of 2% (24.5%,27.6%,31.7%).Along with the extension of incubation,characteristics of spermatozoa in both fractions of 2% and 4% were significant differences while the differences between 2%,6% and 8% were insignificant.After 6 hours,the motility of each fraction was not more than 10% while the highest viability and the percentage of intact acrosomes were 11.8% and 12.7% respectively.The optimum concentration of glycerol was 4% in the extenders of freezing spermatozoa for blue fox.The living time of spermatozoa subjected to the process of freezing and thawing was short.The plasma membrane was expanded extremely or broken and the acrosome was vesiculated or dispersed while plasma membrane and acrosome seldom lost.

行为学研究的第一步工作是对行为加以描述,即建立行为谱,只有对行为进行描述后,才能提出行为的发展、机制、功能和演化等问题.本文从七个方面对喜鹊的个体行为进行了描述,即:与姿势有关的行为、与睡眠有关的行为、与视觉有关的行为、维持行为、与摄取和排便有关的行为、与体温调节有关的行为、与运动有关的行为.每种行为都有其固有的模式和适应意义.

分别选取(55±1)日龄和(125±1)日龄健康蓝狐各72只,随机分成6组,分别饲喂由海杂鱼、牛肝、鸡骨架、玉米粉、豆粕粉、鲜牛奶等构成的不同蛋白质水平日粮,同时在基础日粮中添加一定剂量由光合细菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌、双歧杆菌等菌群所构成的益生菌制剂.饲养试验期为50d,探讨益生菌制剂对蓝狐蛋白质消化、利用的影响.结果表明:无论育成期还是长冬毛期,CP的表观消化率及利用率均与日粮中蛋白质水平有关.日粮中蛋白质水平越高,CP的表观消化率及利用率随之增加;育成期:添加EM制剂后,P25.5+EM组CP表观消化率及净蛋白利用率(NPU)分别提高了4.02%(P<0.01)、7.11%(P<0.05);P30+EM组CP表观消化率及NPU分别提高了4.59%(P<0.05)、7.83%(P<0.05).长冬毛期:P25.5+EM组CP表观消化率及NPU分别提高了3.25%(P<0.01)、6.18%(P<0.05);P30+EM组CP表观消化率及NPU分别提高了3.76%(P<0.05)、6.63%(P<0.05).在P20组低蛋白质水平日粮中添加益生素制剂,对蛋白质的消化利用效果不显著.