莫尔寺遗址是我国最西部的大型佛寺遗址之一,也是佛教传人中国后修建的较早的寺庙.2019 ～2021年对莫尔寺遗址进行主动考古发掘,取得重要阶段性成果.发现了2处僧舍、2个"回"字形佛殿、1处大佛殿等大型建筑基址,清理出2号塔的基座及相关设施,出土了包括l万余件石膏佛像残件在内的珍贵文物,初步确定了遗址的范围和文物构成,揭示了遗址的寺院结构布局和建筑特点,初步探明了遗址的年代和废弃的原因.莫尔寺遗址的发掘表明,该遗址既有早期印度佛教的特点,又有后期汉传佛教重要影响.

Upper limbs, especially humeri, play an important role in solving major issues like links between bone structure and manual labors (Shaw 2011; Shaw and Stock 2009; Weiss 2003; Stock and Pfeiffer 2001), adoption of specific tools and weapons (Sládek et al. 2016a, b; Shaw et al. 2012), subsistence patterns and activity level of past populations (Macintosh et al. 2017; Sparacello et al. 2017; Shaw and Stock 2013; Bridges et al. 2000), and effects of acclimatization on human activities (Shackelford 2007; Stock 2006; Stock and Pfeiffer 2004). As long bone diaphyses perform like engineering beams when bearing mechanical loads, it is reasonable to evaluate its biomechanical performance based on its cross‐sectional geometry (CSG), which is a close reflection of beam rigidity or strength (Ruff 2018; Huiskes 1982). This relationship makes it possible to infer form-function connections for humeri, because differences in habitually manipulative behaviors and subsistence patterns will directly reflect on the CSG properties of humeral diaphyses (Sparacello et al. 2011; Sládek et al. 2007; Marchi et al. 2006; Stock and Pfeiffer 2004; Weiss 2003). However, previous studies mainly focused on CSG properties of specific cross-sections (e.g., 35% or 50% of humeral biomechanical length) and orientations (e.g., standard anatomical or maximum/minimum axes) to represent the overall biomechanical performance of humeral diaphyses (Hill et al. 2020; Sparacello et al. 2017; Cowgill et al. 2015; Nikita et al. 2011; Shaw and Stock 2009). This limited sampling is unable to capture the biomechanical characteristics along the entire humeral diaphysis and explore where the distribution pattern is functionally informative. Morphometric mapping (MM), as a recent development of virtual anthropology in functional morphology, was applied to visualize the distribution of cortical bone thickness along a long bone diaphysis or dentine thickness of a tooth root (Profico et al. 2021; Fiorenza et al. 2019; Wei et al. 2017; Puymerail et al. 2012a, b; Bondioli et al. 2010). Except for being employed as a visualization tool for thickness, MM protocol was also applied to other structural properties like external radius, external surface curvature, and second moments of area (Morimoto et al. 2018, 2014, 2012, 2011; Jashashvili et al. 2015). Among these applications, morphometric maps for second moments of area (SMAsMMs) can exhibit bending rigidity in multiple sections and directions along the long bone diaphysis; hence, it will be suitable for estimating the overall mechanical performance of the humeral shaft. SMAs-MM has already been employed in revealing the structural properties of human humeri. For example, humeral remains from Jianping and Tianyuan, China, were quantified and compared with the humeri from Holocene Chinese populations using the SMAs-MM method (Wei * Yuhao Zhao zhaoyuhao@ivpp.ac.cn

In bioarchaeology, cranial trauma studies generally have focused on the frequency in the population to explore violence within or between society. They focus less on further discussion of the consequences and interactions of the injured individual with the surrounding. In this study, macroscopic observation and computed tomography scans (endocast reconstruction) were used to explore a special cranium in the Sampula site of northwest China. The model of bioarchaeology of care (BoC) was used to further analyse the individual's disability experience, related health care and the broader social meaning of caring behaviour. The results showed that the individual numbered Sampula I M2:103 was an adult male who suffered severe antemortem cranial trauma that led to brain injury. Short-term health care involving wound treatment and nutritional support, as well as long-term assistance in social and rehabilitation, was available in the Sampula Iron Age society. Although there were limitations to the analysis, the individual's ability to survive in the Iron Age was a testament to those who cared for him, as well as the level of care and medicinal knowledge in this society. The BoC allowed for a more human-centred approach to understanding the lives of those in the past, and its application can provide more insight into past societies, cultures, groups and individual identity.

天山是东西横亘于亚洲中部的一条巨大山系,由一系列平行山脉组成,东西2500公里,地跨中国新疆及中亚哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦三国,是欧亚大陆不同文明联系的纽带,也是众多古代民族、文化、宗教迁徙、传播的重要通道,承载、见证了古代文明的沧桑变迁.从乌鲁木齐西80公里呼图壁县,经红山口、雀儿沟蜿蜒南行约80公里,到达海拔1600多米的天山深处,有一处叫做康家石门子的岩画遗址,用图像的形式形象地记录了天山古代先民一种神秘的祭祀活动.

丧葬观念和丧葬礼俗有着重要的社会和文化意义,是考古学研究的重要领域.新疆史前和汉魏晋时期考古中,发现广泛存在着墓葬用火现象,这种丧葬用火现象一般被解释为火葬习俗.本文对新疆早期丧葬用火的考古材料进行了全面收集和整理,对各种用火痕迹和现象进行了具体分析和总结,发现其隐含着更为复杂的行为背景.通过对墓葬用火目的和方式的研究,认为新疆早期的墓葬用火,实际上包含三种不同类型的丧葬礼仪和习俗,即重在对死者尸体进行火化处理的火葬,做为埋葬环节的墓室焚烧和体现生死观念的墓祭行为和做为埋葬环节的墓室焚烧.它们又分别对应着不同的文化和时代背景,并且在分布上呈现一定的地域特点.火葬主要流行于青铜时代和铁器时代,其文化显示一定的安德罗诺沃文化因素,主要分布于西北边境从帕米尔至伊犁河谷至阿尔泰山一线.以火祭祀习俗分布于克里雅河上游昆仑山中的流水墓地和塔什库尔干河畔的部分战国以前墓葬.墓室焚烧习俗是继火葬习俗之后出现于丝绸之路沿线绿洲的新葬俗.

阿尔泰山位于中亚东部,自西南向东北绵延2000公里,跨哈萨克斯坦、中国、蒙古、俄罗斯四国国境,中国境内长500余公里,位于新疆最北端,为阿尔泰山中段南坡,环境优美.阿尔泰山在欧亚文明史中占有重要地位,包括突厥、蒙古、通古斯、朝鲜和日本语在内的阿尔泰语系就是以阿尔泰山命名的.许多古老民族也源于斯,盛于斯.更有许多古代游牧民族经此纵横驰骋于欧亚大陆,演绎大迁徙的传奇,在阿尔泰山遗留瑰丽的文化遗产.

This paper is focused on the origins,characteristics and relations of prehistoric culture of Tarim Basin on the basis of archaeological materials.It is argued that a unified cultural complex did not exist in Tarim Basin during the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age.On the contrary,cultural diversity and regional cultures emerged.It can be concluded that the cultures in the same region mostly constitute an area cultural complex.There are two types of cultures in Tarim Basin: farming culture in oasis and nomadic one in grassland,a result of ethnic migrations in the first millennium BC.This period corresponds with the time of kingdoms of the Western regions.

鹿在中国传统文化中具有重要的象征意义.《史记·淮阴侯列传》载:"秦失其鹿,天下共逐之.""逐鹿中原"、"鹿死谁手",表达的都是相同的意思.在这里,鹿代表天下,代表帝位,是政权的象征."鹿"又与"禄"同音,因而也常用来表示福气、福运,人们以之寄托美好的向往.不仅中原农耕文明重视鹿,赋予鹿以吉祥的含义,我国北方草原的游牧民族也对鹿有着特殊的情感.鹿既是他们重要的食物来源,又是通往精神天堂的媒介,更是多种艺术形式着重表现的对象.

<正>2009年4月16-17日,中央民族大学"985工程"中国当代民族问题战略研究基地与民族学与社会学学院文博系主持召开了"新疆民族研究与考古新发现学术研讨会",来自我国科研院所和高校的数十位专家出席会议,17位学者作了专题发言,杨圣敏教授致开幕词并做总结。与会者围绕新疆考古发现、历史文化、民族与宗教等主题进行了交流和研讨。

Based on the defining of concept of the Western Regions and its relation with the Silk Road,this article gives a comparative analysis to the archaeological cultures in the Western Regions before and after the opening of the Silk Road respectively,revealing the significant changes brought to the society of the Western Regions by the Silk Road.

本文从楼兰鄯善与中原诸朝及周邻民族关系变化的视角,观察楼兰鄯善的历史变迁,认为受地缘形势影响,对匈奴、然后对中原王朝的臣属关系构成楼兰鄯善史的基本历史框架,主导楼兰鄯善的历史发展方向。与西域相关诸国民族的关系居于从属地位。

Based on the archaeological materials as well as historical and unearthed literature,this paper analyzes the process of Shanshan archaeological culture and its essential factors' change,probes into its structure and arrives at a conclusion that the Shanshan archaeological culture consists of three essential elements in reference to cultural sources.This tri-element structure began taking shape when the Han Dynasty opened the road toward the Western Regions,from then on the native Shanshan culture was in a course of integrating with Han and foreign cultures.The features of the tri-element structure are also summarized in the end.

2006年4～7月,为配合河北省南水北调中线天津干渠工程建设,内蒙古文物考古研究所、涿州市文物保管所及中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院博物馆学专业合作,对容城县容城镇北城村遗址进行了发掘,发现了金元明时期和新石器时代两个阶段的文化遗存,其中新石器时代文化遗存最为丰富,是这次发掘最重要的收获。从所发现的新石器时代遗迹、遗物特征判断,其文化面貌与后冈一期文化较接近,可能属于向后冈一期文化过渡的阶段,时代似当新石器时代中早期。它的发现为冀中平原乃至华北地区新石器时代早期中期文化发展演变提供了新的材料,并有助于推进这一地区早期不同文化之间相互关系的研究。

The writer explores the burial customs in Pre-Qin ChinaDrawing on the related archaeological data and texts, the author strives to conduct a deep analysis on some parts of the Pre-Qin burial customs The study concludes that in the period in question, the mausoleum-building taken by later rulers follows immediately that done by the predecessors,the cemeteries, dated to Zhou Dynasty,were mostly located to south-west of residences, it was believed in ancient thoughts that the directions headed by tomb occupants should be revered and avoided and the tomb-arrangement worshipped east and north directions

The paper reviews the history of the archaeological research on Loulan and Shanshan,summarizes its current situation and indicates that the research on Loulan and Shanshan is basically carried out in two subjects,i.e.archaeology and history.The archaeological research falls into two aspects:archaeological discovery and relevant study.The archaeological discovery includes two stages,namely exploration and scientific research.The study related to the archaeological research has achieved great progresses in the processing of archaeological data,collation of writing tablets and documents,mutual reference of the archaeological data and historical documents,environmental archaeology as well as research on cultural exchange between East and West.

本文将从新疆史前时期的界定、史前文化发展阶段的划分和史前文化归类三个方面,对相关研究进行评述与讨论.这三个方面基本上代表了新疆史前研究的基本现状.本文首先试图对相关基本概念做出必要的澄清,在此基础上,对有关的重要观点进行概括与评论,认为应对新疆史前时期这个概念做出新的界定、重点用文化而不是用三期论的时代作为基本概念来对新疆史前遗存进行考察、并用客观的年代数据表示其时代属性.