Despite significant advances in analytical techniques, quantitative in situ characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in biological systems-particularly regarding the dynamic balance between ionic and particulate silver-remains a major challenge. This study reveals that the dissolution behavior of AgNPs strongly depends on particle size and the surrounding biological medium. For example, 50 nm PVP-coated AgNPs exhibited significantly greater dissolution than 75 nm particles in both aqueous solution and DMEM medium. In aqueous environments, over 95% of silver from 50 nm NPs existed as ionic silver, compared to only about 38%from 75 nm NPs. In DMEM, adynamic equilibrium was established, characterized by the concurrent dissolution of primary particles and the formation of new particulate species, leading to continuous fluctuations in particle number and ionic silver concentration overtime. After 48 h of incubation, the released ionic silver accounted for approximately 38.4% from 50 nm particles and 26.2% from 75 nm particles. Chemical speciation analysis via synchrotron radiation-based X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES)spectroscopy further demonstrated that intracellular silver underwent progressive transformation from the original AgNPs into Ag2S nanoparticles, reaching a conversion ratio of 61.9% at 12 h, along with minor formation of AgCl. This transformation was closely linked to the acidic intracellular milieu and interactions with biological ligands. Although no marked cytotoxicity was observed within the first 24 h of exposure, the gradual intracellular accumulation of transformation products, particularly Ag2S nanoparticles, eventually led tomild cytotoxic effects. These findings collectively underscore that the biological impact of AgNPs is fundamentally governed by their intracellular chemical transformation dynamics.

Postharvest quality monitoring of grapes represents a critical challenge in the global fruit supply chain. Traditional sensory evaluation suffers from time lag, preventing early spoilage intervention. Here, we developed an untargeted metabolomics approach using atmospheric pressure gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry(APGC-QTOF-MS) combined with multivariate analysis to identify freshness-related biomarkers in Summer Black Grapes (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca ‘Summer Black’). A total of 497 temperature-responsive metabolic features were detected, and after rigorous filtering (p < 0.05, FC>2, VIP>1) and confirmation, refined these to 19 high-confidence biomarkers distinctly associated with storage temperature. Results were cross-validated with orbitrap exploris GC (OEGC) data. This study demonstrates a robust analytical method for the pre-symptomatic detection of temperature stress in perishable produce. The identified biomarkers and established temperature-dependent pattern provide a robust molecular basis for intelligent postharvest supply chain monitoring and enhanced quality control.

Ketamine (KET) and its analogs, prohibited substances known for inducing dissociation and emergence delirium, continue to be widely abused. Effective monitoring of these substances in complex biological and environmental matrices (such as urine, blood, hair, and wastewater) is essential for forensic investigation, clinical toxicology, and public health surveillance. However, the direct analysis of KETs in these samples is severely hindered by low analyte concentrations, significant matrix interference, and the presence of structurally similar metabolites. Therefore, efficient and selective sample pretreatment is an indispensable prerequisite for achieving accurate quantitation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of pretreatment techniques developed for KETs since 2015. It systematically examines conventional methods (e.g., liquid-liquid extraction) and emerging microextraction strategies (e.g., various modes of liquid-phase and solid-phase microextraction). A particular emphasis is placed on recent innovations, notably the development of novel sorbent materials (e.g., molecularly imprinted polymers and metal-organic frameworks) for enhanced selectivity, and the integration of green solvents with miniaturization/automation to improve efficiency and sustainability. The evolution of these pretreatment strategies is driven by the imperative to enable reliable trace-level detection in real-world samples, thereby playing a crucial role in combating drug abuse and safeguarding public health.

A novel magnetic covalent organic framework was innovatively developed as a high-performance adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of benzimidazole veterinary drug residues in food matrices. The synthesized nanocomposite features a well-ordered core-shell architecture with a notable specific surface area and remarkable superparamagnetic behavior, facilitating rapid phase separation within 3 min under a magnetic field. Seven representative benzimidazoles (albendazole sulfoxide, fenbendazole sulfoxide, flubendazole, fenbendazole, cambendazole, cyclobendazole, albendazole sulfone) were selected to systematically evaluate the extraction efficiency and method performance. The material exhibited superior adsorption capacities (46.2–62.0 mg/g) through synergistic π-π conjugation, hydrogen-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions with benzimidazole moieties. Notably, the adsorbent maintained 90

Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are toxic disinfection by-products frequently detected in treated water, posing risks to human health and the environment. Accurate and sensitive characterization of HANs remains challenging due to the volatility and trace-level concentrations. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in HANs pretreatment and detection over the past decade. While traditional techniques, such as liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-based methods, remain widely used, novel approaches have emerged, including 3D-printed liquid phase microextraction devices, online extraction systems, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (e.g., Q-Exactive MS, Time-of-Flight MS). The application of self-fabricated materials, such as PDMS/DVB-NVP fibers in SPME, has further improved extraction performance. This review critically compares current strategies, highlights key limitations, and discusses future directions for developing efficient, automated, and environmentally friendly methods for HANs analysis.

Triphenylmethane dyes (TPMs) were widely used in aquaculture due to their antibacterial properties; however, their high toxicity, carcinogenicity, and environmental persistence have led to their prohibition in many countries. Nevertheless, their residues continue to be detected in various environmental media. Accurate detection remains challenging due to complex matrix interference and trace-level analysis difficulties, highlighting the urgent need for efficient, sensitive pretreatment techniques and rapid, precise detection methods. This review summarizes recent advances in the analysis of TPMs in environmental samples. It focuses on emerging advanced pretreatment methods—such as liquid-phase microextraction based on deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids, as well as solid-phase microextraction utilizing metal-organic frameworks and molecularly imprinted polymers—alongside detection techniques including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and sensor technology. The review systematically evaluates the advantages of these approaches in improving selectivity, sensitivity, and environmental sustainability, while also discussing current technical limitations and future research directions.

Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) are among the most widely abused drugs globally, posing serious threats to public health through addiction, physical and psychological harm, and associated social problems such as increased crime rates. Effective clinical management of ATSs overdose and abuse monitoring demand analytical methods that are not only sensitive, accurate, but also rapid and adaptable to real‑world settings. However, conventional detection approaches often face challenges including limited sensitivity, prolonged analysis time, insufficient selectivity in complex matrices, and poor suitability for on‑site or point‑of‑care testing. These limitations underscore the urgent need for advanced analytical strategies that can overcome such hurdles. This review comprehensively summarizes progress since 2017 in sample pretreatment and detection techniques for ATSs. It covers established methods such as ultrasonic‑assisted extraction and liquid‑liquid extraction, as well as emerging approaches including solid‑phase microextraction and liquid-phase microextraction, with a particular focus on the role of innovative materials-such as multi‑walled carbon nanotubes and metal‑organic frameworks-in improving extraction efficiency and analytical performance. For detection, chromatographic-based methods are discussed, alongside the rapidly evolving field of high-resolution mass spectrometry technology. Finally, the review critically compares the advantages and limitations of current techniques and outlines promising directions for future development.

While natural red colorants are generally safe, some synthetic red dyes have been linked to adverse effects, including allergenicity, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and confirmed carcinogenicity. Detecting trace levels in food is challenging due to complex matrices (proteins, lipids, natural pigments). Hence, efficient sample pretreatment is critical for ensuring food safety, underpinning analytical selectivity and reliability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of pretreatment methods for red pigments in complex foods, systematically comparing established techniques-liquid-phase microextraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and matrix solid-phase dispersion-and their modern variants, evaluating extraction efficiency, convenience, and environmental impact. Particular focus is on key innovations like integrating ionic liquids into dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction to enhance selectivity and minimize solvent use. By critically assessing each approach's strengths and limitations, it illustrates the trend toward greener, more efficient, and automated sample preparation technologies.

For decades, tantalum has been a cornerstone of surgical implants, highly favored for its excellent chemical stability and biocompatibility. With the emergence of nanotechnology, tantalum-based nanomaterials (TBNs) have become highly promising candidates in biomedical applications due to their adjustable physicochemical and biological properties. However, existing reviews are mostly limited to a single material type or specific application direction, lacking a systematic integration of various TBNs and their diverse biomedical applications. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress on TBNs. Starting from their performance advantages, it further reveals their significant applications in biomedical applications, including biosensing, medical imaging, tissue engineering, anti-tumor therapy, embolization, and radiation protection. Finally, it summarizes the current challenges and prospects for future development directions, providing an important reference for promoting the clinical translation of TBNs and the design of integrated diagnosis and treatment platforms.

The pervasive occurrence of organic contaminants in food and environmental samples poses serious threats to public health and ecological security, highlighting the urgent need for rapid, on-site detection methods. In recent years, the integration of ambient ionization with miniature mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful analytical strategy. Ambient ionization enables direct desorption and ionization of analytes from complex matrices under atmospheric pressure with minimal pretreatment, while miniature MS offers portability, rapid response, and high sensitivity—together making on-site analysis feasible. This review systematically outlines recent advances in this integration, with an emphasis on the core components of miniature mass spectrometers and interface designs. Representative ambient ionization techniques—such as desorption electrospray ionization, low-temperature plasma, paper spray ionization, extraction nanoelectrospray ionization, and thermal desorption–electrospray ionization—are described alongside their coupling strategies with miniature MS. Furthermore, the review highlights applications in food safety and environmental monitoring, demonstrating the capability of this technology for rapid, on-site, and multi-analyte detection. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are discussed, underscoring the potential of this integrated approach to enhance real-time contamination monitoring and support decision-making in public health and environmental protection.

The development of pretreatment methods for phthalic acid esters (PAEs) is essential, as these endocrine-disrupting chemicals leach from plastics into food and water, with humans consuming over 50,000 microplastic particles annually. Recent advancements in microextraction techniques for PAEs have significantly improved efficiency, sustainability, and automation. In recent years, microextraction technologies have demonstrated remarkable progress in terms of efficiency, solvent minimization, and environmental sustainability. This review critically evaluates recent developments in microextraction approaches for PAEs, with emphasis on green solvents, as well as advanced functional materials. Unlike previous reviews that mainly catalog analytical platforms, this work highlights matrix-specific advantages and limitations, revealing persistent challenges such as poor reproducibility in viscous food samples, incomplete phase separation in protein-rich systems, and insufficient inter-laboratory validation. Finally, we outline future perspectives for advancing microextraction technologies toward greater robustness, automation, and regulatory compliance, aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory research and routine food safety monitoring.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) faces efficiency and safety challenges due to glutathione (GSH) overexpression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the lack of therapeutic feedback. In this study, a ferrocene (Fc) decorated metal organic cage (MOC-Fc) was constructed through coordination self-assembly between Fc-based ligands and copper ions, and its bimetallic synergistic and oxidation-responsive feature enables the theranostic integration of self-enhanced CDT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The obtained MOC-Fc possesses an atomically precise cage-like structure with uniformly ultrasmall size. In vitro experiments demonstrated that MOC-Fc could effectively catalyze the Fenton-like reaction and significantly enhance the ROS-induced cell death through bimetal mediated GSH depletion. Concurrently, the MOC-Fc exhibited exceptionally T1-weighted MRI capabilities due to the TME responsive states of the bimetal ions. In a nude mouse model of subcutaneous pancreatic cancer implantation, MOC-Fc successfully achieved MRI of the tumor and significantly inhibited its growth without significant systemic toxicity. This work proposes a novel paradigm for the development of precise, highly efficient, and visualized CDT nanoplatforms, and its catalytic-imaging bifunctional integration strategy establishes a theoretical foundation for the precision treatment of tumors and clinical translation.

The application of herbicides is considered crucial for ensuring high and stable agricultural productivity. As one of the most widely used herbicide categories, phenylurea herbicides (PUHs) effectively prevent weed-induced damage to crops and have been extensively employed in contemporary agricultural practices. However, it cannot be overlooked that the extensive use of PUHs may lead to unintended long-term detrimental effects on the environment due to their multiple sources and persistent residues in ecological systems, particularly in soil and water, thereby posing a potential threat to human health. Therefore, given the metabolic complexity of PUHs in ecological environments and their presence at trace-level and dynamic concentrations, it has become imperative to develop efficient sample pretreatment techniques and analytical detection methodologies for complex environmental matrices. Herein, pretreatment methods for the extraction, enrichment, and preconcentration of PUHs as well as the strategies for their screening, identification, and quantitation developed in the past 5–10 years have been reviewed. Furthermore, recent advancements in various methodologies are summarized, with the characteristics and advantages of each approach included. Future perspectives regarding pretreatment and detection techniques for PUHs are also discussed, aiming to provide valuable references for monitoring hazardous substances in the environment.

Sample pretreatment plays a central role in analytical workflows, particularly for complex matrices where efficiency, reproducibility, and sustainability are essential. In recent years, increasing levels of automation have driven a gradual transition from labor-intensive manual procedures toward integrated and standardized pretreatment strategies. This review examines two representative automation paradigms that have significantly influenced recent developments in sample pretreatment: surface-based liquid microjunction sampling and flowbased automated platforms. Liquid microjunction techniques, including liquid extraction surface analysis, liquid microjunction surface sampling probe, and the MasSpec Pen, enable localized and minimally invasive extraction directly from solid or semi-solid substrates. These approaches have extended the applicability of mass spectrometry to in situ biological and clinical analysis, while also presenting challenges related to spatial resolution, extraction selectivity, and quantitative consistency. In contrast, flow-based platforms such as lab-in-syringe and online solid-phase extraction emphasize controlled fluid handling, process integration, and operational reproducibility, and have become important tools for high-throughput and trace-level analysis in biomedicine, food safety, and environmental monitoring. This review focuses on the methodological characteristics, design considerations, and practical limitations of these automation strategies, highlighting how platform architecture influences analytical performance and application scope. Current trends toward greater integration, intelligent control, and improved standardization are also discussed, with reference to future directions in automated analytical workflows.

Global population growth and economic development have driven a rapid increase in agricultural production, leading to a substantial rise in the application of pesticides such as phenylurea herbicides (PUHs). However, the large-scale and extensive use of PUHs has led to their widespread occurrence and persistent residues across ecosystems, posing potential long-term environmental hazards. Given the complex metabolic behavior, cumulative toxicity, and high systemic transport characteristics of PUHs, this paper provides a comprehensive update and summary of the occurrence, distribution, degradation pathways, and removal strategies of PUHs in various environmental matrices. We systematically compare the strengths, limitations, and applicability of mainstream removal technologies (e.g., advanced oxidation, bioremediation, adsorption). Furthermore, we highlight recent advances in novel functional materials and synergistic treatment systems, and propose feasible optimization directions and future development pathways for current technologies. This work is expected to offer a scientific basis and valuable insights for the environmental monitoring, risk control, and remediation of PUH contamination.

Acrylamide related substances (AAs), including N-methylacrylamide and N-hydroxymethylacrylamide, are highly polar, low-molecular-weight organic compounds that have raised significant food safety concerns due to their prevalence in thermally processed foods. AAs exhibit potential neurotoxicity and AA itself also demonstrates reproductive toxicity and possible carcinogenic effects. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified AA as a Group 2 A probable human carcinogen, underscoring the health risks associated with long-term dietary exposure to AAs. Consequently, efficient and reliable sample pretreatment methods for AA and related substances are essential to accurately assess dietary risk and optimize food-processing techniques. This paper systematically reviews recent advances (2018-2024) in pretreatment approaches for AAs in food matrices. Pretreatment techniques for AAs include commonly used methods such as liquid-liquid extraction and cloud point extraction, as well as more advanced approaches such as liquid-phase microextraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, and the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method. Through a comprehensive summary and comparison of these techniques, recent advancements have been found to primarily focus on two key aspects: the development of novel extraction solvents/materials and the integration of automated systems. Recent advancements have significantly improved extraction efficiency and purification performance while reducing matrix co-extraction, whereas the latter has substantially decreased manual labor, minimized operational errors, and shortened overall pretreatment time. Furthermore, this review provides insightful perspectives on future research directions, highlighting the need for standardized analytical protocols and developing miniaturized, portable pretreatment devices to meet the growing demands for food safety monitoring.

Renal diseases remain a major global health burden, with an estimated 850 million individuals affected by chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, glomerulonephritis, and diabetic nephropathy. These multifactorial diseases collectively account for substantial morbidity and mortality burdens. This grim trajectory demands urgent development of drugs that are capable of simultaneously enhancing renal efficacy while circumventing systemic toxicity. In response to this challenge, engineered nanoplatforms designed specifically for the treatment of kidney diseases have emerged as a promising solution. These nanoplatforms offer the unique ability to deliver targeted therapeutics directly to specific regions of the kidney, thereby improving drug efficacy while reducing off-target effects. Unlike the well-established oncological applications of nanomedicine, renal-specific formulations remain in their developmental nascency. Nevertheless, accumulating preclinical evidence indicates that nanotherapeutics hold significant promise for improving the clinical management of kidney diseases through targeted and mechanism-based interventions. The nephrotropic mechanisms and structural determinants of renal nanoplatforms fundamentally diverge from those of conventional nanotherapeutics. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the principles governing renal targeting is essential for designing nanomedicines that achieve precise kidney-specific delivery while ensuring biosafety. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of structure-function relationships that govern the targeting efficiency and biodistribution of nanoparticles in the kidney, with a focus on passive targeting mechanisms driven by key physicochemical parameters, such as particle size, surface charge, shape, and density, as well as active targeting strategies based on specific receptor-ligand interactions.