There were increasing concerns on the possibility and suitability of using elevators for high-rise building evacuation because, through the improvement of the elevator system, the self-evacuation ability of age people is promoted as much as possible in the process of an emergency evacuation. The combined evacuation using both elevators and stairs was put into discussion. However, there was no empirical evidence and numerical simulation on emergency evacuation using both elevators and staircases for aging people in high-rise nursing homes. Therefore, using one case study, this paper simulated the emergency evacuation in a high-rise nursing home using variables such as the distribution of the elderly with different physical conditions, the proportion of the elderly in different physical conditions, the number of the elderly, the number of floors, the number of elevators used, and the priority of the elevator floor. By simulating the evacuation process in various scenarios, the general distribution strategy of high-rise nursing home and the optimal use of the elevator-stair combination during the emergency evacuation were developed. Results show that the elevator-stair combination of evacuation is more effective than using elevators or stairs alone. Increasing the number and speed of elevators can reduce evacuation time. Categorizing elderly people on each floor according to their physical conditions could reduce the evacuation time than randomly distributing them.

A basic cellular automaton model does not consider social forces interaction in building evacuation thus could not explain complex crowd evacuation processes. This study developed a cellular automaton model on social forces interaction in building evacuation, where the positive and negative impacts of social forces on evacuation time were simulated and analyzed. The model was verified using experimental data. The clustering attraction between people always increased the evacuation time regardless of the number of evacuees, the building size, the number of exits, and the people distribution, thus the clustering attraction is always to be avoided. When people in a room were randomly and evenly distributed, the repulsive force of obstacles, the attractiveness of evacuation direction, and the repulsive force of exit congestion played negligible roles on the evacuation time thus could be ignored. The evacuation path could be optimised by adjusting the influence coefficients of social forces to reduce the evacuation time.

Due to the underground nature and dense concentration of people around transit stations, emergency evacuation during fire accidents can become a noticeable problem in subways. This study numerically simulated the crowd dynamics during fire evacuation in the Haicang Avenue Subway Station in Xiamen. The uniqueness of the case study is that this subway station is built as the starting connection of a cross-sea bridge at the seashore. Total evacuation time was affected by factors such as the width of the evacuation channel, proximity to exits, crowd density, and evacuation speed. Parameters in the computer modelling were obtained through proportional measurement algorithms and on-the-spot investigations, video recording, and personnel tracking at a mirror station. The study simulated the evacuation process in four scenarios using variables such as the number of passengers and width of evacuation stairs. When crowd dispersion increases, a longer evacuation time is needed. Suggestions are made to optimise the positions of outlets and to increase the width of exits to alleviate congestion.

城市生活垃圾的快速增长产生了一系列的健康和环境问题,为准确预测城市生活垃圾产生量,以此作为生活垃圾管理的决策者分析和制定管理方案的依据.运用系统动力学(SD)方法,以厦门市为例,利用VENSIM软件绘制城市生活垃圾的因果回路图(Causal Loop Diagram),建立系统动力学的存量流量模型(Stock and Flow Model),最后进行仿真模拟及量化分析.预测结果得出2030年厦门市的城市生活垃圾将达到304×104 t,通过垃圾分类回收和适当提高垃圾收费等措施可以减少城市生活垃圾的产生.

高校学生人数的增加使宿舍人员密度增大,学生在宿舍内使用电器、吸烟等行为容易导致火灾的发生.本文以某高校学校宿舍为研究对象,通过建立Pathfinder软件模型模拟火灾发生过程,结果表明,增加楼梯宽度、增加楼梯数量、增加出口数量能减少疏散时间.增加楼梯数量减少的疏散时间比增加楼梯宽度减少的疏散时间小.增加楼梯数量和出口数量能最大程度减少疏散时间,防止人员的过度拥堵,保证人员的安全.入住人数减少可以大幅度减少疏散时间,因此安排入住人数时应考虑人员疏散的安全.

本文以实际工程为例, 首先分析了BIM模型在项目实施阶段的应用优势, 并基于BIM5D的成本管理模型, 对BIM模型在该项目成本计划编制阶段的成本控制、施工前成本控制和一斤工阶段的成本控制策略进行了探讨, 节省了项目全寿命期费用的7.55％, 时间方面节省了7％的项目时间, 保证了施工进度, 最大限度避免出现工期延误、资源浪费等问题, 取得了良好的成本控制效果, 具有一定的借鉴参考价值.