The fig wax scale, Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus, 1758), is a polyphagous, globally invasive pest native to Africa, causing severe economic losses. High-quality genomic resources for this species are lacking, limiting molecular research on its biology and management. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of C. rusci, with a total length of 426.70 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 24.19 Mb. Hi-C data anchored 99.96% of the assembly into 18 chromosomes. The genome contains 11,587 protein-coding genes (95.71% functionally annotated) with a BUSCO completeness of 95.3% (hemiptera_odb12). Repetitive elements account for 55.48% of the genome, of which 50.61% are unclassified repeats; among classified repetitive elements, LTR retrotransposons represent the dominant category. We also annotated 996 non-coding RNA loci and characterized SSRs and transposable elements. This chromosome-scale genome provides a key resource for studying the evolution, host adaptation, insecticide resistance, reproductive strategies, and symbiotic interactions of scale insects, and will support the development of precise monitoring and sustainable control strategies against this invasive pest.

Seven species of Trechnites Thomson from China are taxonomically studied. Three species are newly described: T.cacopsyllae Zou, Zu & Zhang, sp. nov., T. monticola Zou, Zu & Zhang, sp. nov. and T. yunnanensis Zou, Zu & Zhang, sp. nov. An additional species, T. concinnus Kazmi and Hayat, is newly reported from China. Diagnoses or descriptions, microphotos of key characters, as well as the known distribution and hosts of each species are provided. A dichotomous key is also given to facilitate the identification of species.

The global microalgae processing industry generates substantial residues rich in ω-3 fatty acids, presenting both a waste management challenge and an untapped resource for innovative food biotechnology. This study investigated the potential of bioconversion of Schizochytrium residue (SCR) by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to enrich ω-3 fatty acids and evaluated the industrial applicability of the resulting BSFL products. SCR supplementation enhanced larval growth performance (7.5 % increased weight, 19.9 % higher bioconversion rate) and protein quality, while enabling exclusive accumulation of EPA and DHA in BSFL. The total ω-3 content increased from 1.18 % to 17.37 %, achieving a nutritionally favorable n-6/n-3 ratio of 0.62 (the recommended ratio for human health <5). Metabolomics revealed that SCR upregulated TCA cycle intermediates and CoA biosynthesis, promoting FA synthesis, but NADPH limitations inhibited endogenous ω-3 elongation, suggesting direct assimilation of dietary PUFAs rather than de novo synthesis. Physicochemical analyses revealed improved thermal stability and β'-crystal formation in SCR-derived lipids. This work establishes a sustainable, technology-driven strategy for valorizing algal waste into nutritionally enhanced food ingredients, bridging the gap between circular bioeconomy principles and next-generation food production.

The efficient utilization of global agricultural by-products represents a critical challenge for sustainable development. Conventional methods face efficiency and environmental limitations, whereas black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) bioconversion technology offers superior conversion with lower emissions. However, current research emphasizes waste reduction but lacks evaluation of critical industrial parameters like larval physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and substrate-larvae compositional relationships, impeding precision nutrition. This research systematically evaluates the effects of various agricultural by-products on BSFL growth, nutrition, physicochemical properties, and metabolic profiles. For the first time, integrating metabolites to establish larvae-substrate correlations. Key findings demonstrate substrate-specific outcomes: Soybean meal maximized growth and bioconversion efficiency; cottonseed meal enhanced crude protein; distillers' grains increased lipid accumulation; rapeseed and peanut meal improved antioxidant capacity. The fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of BSFL oil were markedly substrate-dependent, with C12:0 exhibiting retention value exceeding 1,500, highlighting the efficient synthesis capacity of BSFL. Metabolic profiling revealed significant pathway alterations in BSFL, particularly in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and ABC transporter enrichment. Correlation analysis identified nutritional indicators (including crude protein, crude fat), key fatty acids (including C18:1n9, C20:5n3, C22:6n3), and 1,137 metabolites that were strongly associated with substrate composition. Preliminary identification of substrate components potentially affecting these BSFL constituents has been achieved. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation framework for BSFL-based bioconversion, providing scientific evidence for precisely tailoring larval composition through substrate optimization, contributing to resource recovery from agricultural by-products and the development of a circular economy.

As an important forestry pest, Coronaproctus castanopsis (Monophlebidae) has caused serious damage to the globally valuable Gutianshan ecosystem, China. In this study, we assembled the first chromosome-level genome of the female specimen of C. castanopsis by merging BGI reads, HiFi long reads and Hi-C data. The assembled genome size is 700.81 Mb, with a scaffold N50 size of 273.84 Mb and a contig N50 size of 12.37 Mb. Hi-C scaffolding assigned 98.32% (689.03 Mb) of C. Castanopsis genome to three chromosomes. The BUSCO analysis (n = 1,367) showed a completeness of 91.2%, comprising 89.2% of single-copy BUSCOs and 2.0% of multicopy BUSCOs. The mapping ratio of BGI, second-generation RNA, third-generation RNA and HiFi reads are 97.84%, 96.15%, 97.96%, and 99.33%, respectively. We also identified 64.97% (455.3 Mb) repetitive elements, 1,373 non-coding RNAs and 10,542 protein-coding genes. This study assembled a high-quality genome of C. castanopsis, which accumulated valuable molecular data for scale insects.

Fifteen species of Psyllaephagus from China are studied. Three species, P.clavus Zou & Zhang, sp. nov., P.obliquus Zou & Zhang, sp. nov., and P.tangae Zou & Zhang, sp. nov., are described as new to science. A diagnosis or a description/redescription, figures of the characters, as well as the known distribution and hosts of each species are provided. A dichotomous key is also given to facilitate the identification of species.

本文对2021年发表的膜翅目昆虫新分类单元进行了梳理和总结.结合数据库检索,基于标本记录,全球膜翅目学者于2021年发表该目新分类单元的期刊论文355篇,新增分类单元条目共1,152条,隶属于21总科66科416属,包括5新科4新亚科83新属3新亚属1,054新种和3新亚种.现生类群相关期刊论文309篇,新增分类单元条目980条,隶属于18总科52科332属,包括2新科26新属3新亚属946新种和3新亚种.绝灭类群相关期刊论文46篇,新增分类单元条目172条,隶属于14总科27科86属,包括3新科4新亚科57新属和108新种.2021年中国膜翅目新增分类单元的相关期刊论文83篇,新增分类单元条目235条,隶属于17总科34科91属,包括3新属(绝灭类群1新属)和232新种(绝灭类群2新种);现生类群中新增的2属分别记录自台湾和浙江,新种数量排前五位的省级行政单位有云南(54个)、浙江(42个)、福建(18个)、西藏(18个)和新疆(16个).在全球现生、绝灭和中国现生膜翅目总科新物种数量的对比中,姬蜂总科新种数量最多,分别约占全球现生、绝灭和中国现生膜翅目新种总数的32.5％(307个/946个)、19.4％(21个/108个)和37.0％(85个/230个).有关现生膜翅目新种发表情况,在洲级地理单元中,亚洲发表新种数量最多,约占56.9％(538个);在洲级地理亚单元中,东亚发表新种数量最多,约占28.6％(271个);在国家和地区行政单元中,中国发表新种数量最多,约占24.3％(230个).在76种期刊的355篇论文中,有348篇英文论文、4篇中文论文和3篇法语论文.这些结果表明,中国膜翅目分类在全球膜翅目分类中发挥着十分重要的作用.

Morphometrics has established itself as one of the most powerful tools for species delimitation, particularly for morphologically-conserved groups of insects. An interesting example is the parasitoid Encyrtus sasakii Ishii (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae), which was recently subdivided into three cryptic species that are seemingly well-delimited with the available DNA data but nearly indistinguishable morphologically. Here, we performed linear morphometric analyses of the antenna as well as shape analyses of the ovipositor and hypopygium (the last two are key structures associated with host location and selection) to shed further light on the taxonomic status of the E. sasakii complex. Principal component analyses were carried out to visualize the amount and direction of shape variation in the ovipositor and hypopygium. Complementarily, we constructed phylogenetic trees using a Bayesian approach based on two markers (28S and COI). We found statistically-significant differences in the relative size of the funicle and of the two proximal claval antennomeres among the three species. Our analyses also indicated that the outer plates of the ovipositor show remarkable allometric changes and that both the stylus and shield of the ovipositor are relatively well conserved among species. We nonetheless found consistent interspecific differences in the shape of the 2nd outer plate of the ovipositor and hypopygium. Also, both our COI and combined trees recovered three strongly-supported major clades, each corresponding to one of the three cryptic species. We discuss that changes in the shape of the ovipositor may have played an important role in host shift and speciation within the E. sasakii complex. Even though the recent descriptions of both E. eulecaniumiae Wang & Zhang, 2016 and E. rhodococcusiae Wang & Zhang, 2016 appear not to fully satisfy the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a simple resolution for the sake of taxonomic stability is proposed herein.

Dinocarsiella brevicula sp.nov.is described from Tibet,China.Photomicrographs are provided to illustrate morphological characters of the species.The specimens including the holotype were deposited in Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing(IZCAS).

在西藏境内进行昆虫资源调查时,发现球蜡蚧属两种蚧虫即桃球蜡蚧Eulecanium kuwanai Kanda和樱球蜡蚧Eulecanium cerasorum (Coekerell),这两种蚧虫均为西藏境内首次发现.其中,樱桃球蚧在西藏境内的寄主植物柳树为新寄主记录.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Metaphycus eriococci (Timberlake, 1916) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was obtained via next-generation sequencing. This mitochondrial genome is 15,749 bp in length with 37 classical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes and an A + T-rich region. All the 13 PCGs begin with typical ATN codons. Among them, 12 PCG genes terminate with TAA, only one with TAG. All of the 22 tRNA genes, ranging from 58 to 72 bp with typical cloverleaf structure except for trnS1 and trnE, whose dihydrouridine arm forms a simple loop. A dramatic gene rearrangement with a large inversion of six protein-coding genes (nad3-cox3-atp6-atp8-cox2-cox1) also found in M. eriococci. Phylogenetic analysis highly supported the monophyly of Pteromalidae, Eupelmidae, and Encyrtidae are sister groups. Within Encyrtidae, Metaphycus eriococci and Aenasius arizonensis are close to each other.

The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an emerging invasive insect pest in China. Hymenopteran parasitoids are the key organisms for suppressing populations of P. solenopsis in the field, and therefore could be used as biological agents. Accurate identification of the associated parasitoids is the critical step to assess their potential role in biological control. In this study, we facilitated the identification of the parasitoid composition of P. solenopsis using an integrated approach of species delimitation, combining morphology with molecular data. Eighteen Hymenoptera parasitoid species belonging to 11 genera of four families are recognized based on morphological examination and molecular species delimitation of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene and the 28S rDNA using the automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) and the Bayesian Poisson tree processes model (bPTP). Among these species, eight species are primary parasitoids with Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) being the dominant taxon, while the other 10 species are probably hyperparasitoids, with a prevalence of Cheiloneurus nankingensis Li & Xu (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). These results indicate that parasitoid wasps associated with P. solenopsis from China are diverse and the integrated taxonomic approach applied in this study could enhance the accurate identification of these parasitoids that should be assessed in future biological control programs.

Two new species of Microterys (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Microterys motuoensis Li Zhang sp. nov. and Microterys tibetensis Li Zhang sp. nov., are described from Tibet, China. Microterys motuoensis was reared from Kermes sp. (Hemiptera: Kermesidae) on Castanea sp. (Fagales: Fagaceae), and Microterys tibetensis from Saissetia sp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on Tetracera sarmentosa Vahl. (Dilleniales: Dilleniaceae).

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Habrobracon hebetor (Say). The complete mitogenome sequence of H. hebetor was observed to be a circular molecule 15,708 bp long and consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCG), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes (GenBank accession no. MN842279). This nucleotide composition is biased toward adenine and thymine (85.2% A + T). The A + T-rich region is found between trnM and trnQ, and this entire region was 864 bp long.

A new species of Anagyrus Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), A. pseudofuscus Zu sp. nov., is described from China as a parasitoid of the mealybug, Phenacoccus solani Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).

The mitochondrial genome of the Platencyrtus parkeri Feriere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was obtained via next-generation sequencing. The assembled mitogenome is 13,393 bp in length, which contains 33 classical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes with three tRNA genes and rrnS gene missing. All the 13 PCGs begin with typical ATN codons. The 19 detected tRNAs range from 58 to 70 bp in length with typical cloverleaf structure except for trnS1, whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm forms a simple loop. Meanwhile, they have six tRNAs inserted between nad2 and nad3 compared with Encyrtus infelix. Phylogenetic analysis highly supported the monophyly of Pteromalidae. Eupelmidae and Encyrtidae have a close relationship. Within Encyrtidae, Platencyrtus parkeri Feriere and Encyrtus infelix are close to each other.

A new encyrtid species,Acerophagus chuanensis sp.nov.,is described.Micro photos are provided to illustrate diagnostic characters of the species.A second species,Acerophagus malinus,is also reviewed.

本文对艾菲跳小蜂属Aphycus(膜翅目Hymenoptera:跳小蜂科Encyrtidae)的2种进行了研究,标本均采自中国四川省.发现并描述了一新种——康定艾菲跳小蜂Aphycus kangdingensis sp.nov.,另一种为札幌艾菲跳小蜂Aphycus sapporoensis (Compere&Annecke).研究标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.