Objective: To investigate the effects of neonatal asphyxia on the incidence of neonatal brachial plexus palsy(NBPP).Methods: Data of 102 patients with NBPP and of 2 937 healthy neonates were collected.Factors including dystocia,surgery-assisted delivery,birth weight ≥ 4 000 g,and neonatal asphyxia in these 2 groups were analyzed by a completely randomly designed χ2 test.The data were further analyzed with univariate and multivariate logistic models.Results: Between the NBPP and control groups,significant differences were observed for dystocia,surgery-assisted delivery,birth weight ≥ 4 000 g,and neonatal asphyxia history(P0.001).The risks of NBPP increased by 28.0 times(odds ratio =29.0,95% confidence interval =13.1~64.5) among neonates who had dystocia,by 15.9,17.6 and 150.7 times respectively in those born by means of surgery-assisted delivery(with the help of obstetric forceps,OR=16.9,95% CI=4.9~58.9;with vacuum assistance,OR=18.6,95% CI=7.4~46.9;and with 2 or more methods,OR=151.7,95% CI=73.2~207.2),by 41.4 times in those with birth weight ≥ 4 000 g(OR=42.4,95% CI=19.7~91.3),and by 130.8 times in those with neonatal asphyxia history(OR=131.8,95% CI=52.8~328.9).Conclusion: Neonatal asphyxia,dystocia,vacuum-assisted or forceps delivery,and neonatal birth weight ≥ 4 000 g are risky factors for NBPP.