The performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) is governed by how molecular packing evolves into interconnected networks that facilitate exciton dissociation and charge transport. Using an all-small-molecule blend DR3TSBDT:Y6 as a model system, we study how local molecular stacking evolves into performance-relevant morphology during solvent vapor annealing (SVA) and subsequent thermal annealing (TA). SVA promotes end-to-end stacking of amorphous acceptors to form interconnected fibrils, while TA compacts inter-fibril spacing without disrupting favorable local order. Such molecular-to-morphological refinements broaden light absorption, enhance charge transport, and markedly improve device efficiency. Extending this approach to additional blend systems (D18:Y6, D18:L8-BO, and DR3TSBDT:L8-BO) yields similar structural evolution and performance gains, with the D18:L8-BO system achieving up to 20.10% PCE. Our study establishes control over local stacking in amorphous acceptors into fibrillar networks as a general and effective route to realize high-performance OSCs.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) continue to face the challenge of simultaneously achieving high efficiency, operational stability, and color purity for future applications. Here, we developed two new Pt(II) complexes for high-performance green OLEDs. The two emitters are constituted a dibenzofuranyl (dbf) moiety within the coordination core and a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (dipp) group at the peripheral position. The incorporation of dbf and dipp moieties into the complexes enhances transition rigidity and suppresses intermolecular interactions, enabling the emitters to achieve near-unity photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and narrow-spectrum green emissions with full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values <= 26 nm. The integrated phosphorescent OLEDs achieved a current efficiency (CE) of 94.8 cd A-1, a power efficiency (PE) of 90.3 lm W-1, and an impressive durability of LT95 (time to 95% of the initial luminance) of 258 h at 1000 cd m- 2. In phosphorsensitized OLED (PS-OLED) achieved the maximum CE, PE of 123.4 cd A- 1 and 133.7 lm W-1, respectively, which outperformed the phosphor-sensitized device incorporating Iridium complex. The top-emitting PS-OLED finally achieved a Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.222, 0.748), corresponding to 90.3% coverage of the BT.2020 standard. The work highlights Pt(II) phosphor with narrow-spectrum emission for high-performance green OLEDs.

Lab-scale Organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved remarkable progress with state-of-the-art power conversion efficiencies (PCE) exceeding 20%. However, they are still confronted with inadequate device lifetime resulting from instabilities in either material structures or film morphologies of the active layer and interfacial layers. Here, we designed and synthesized a cathode interlayer (CIL) material, NDI-N-P. By replacing the commonly used linear amine side-chain with a cyclic amine, piperidine. The negative effects of the linear amine side-chain on the acceptor in the active layer are largely mitigated via the improved steric hindrance of piperidine. OSC devices based on NDI-N-P achieve a PCE of 19.8% and demonstrate improved long-term stability, showcasing the potential of tailoring the local structure of CILs toward highly efficient and stable OSCs. Furthermore, we tailored the aryl terminal groups to obtain an extra CIL molecule, NDI-I-P, with isoquinolyl side-groups to investigate the influence of electron-withdrawing ability of terminal groups on the self-doping effects within the molecules and the performance of resulting devices. This provides insights for further regulating the photoelectric and aggregate properties of CILs toward enhanced electron extraction in OSCs.

The pursuit of simple yet high-performance materials is important for advancing organic photovoltaics, though structurally simple polymer donors typically underperform. This study reveals precise control over polymer aggregation and donor-acceptor compatibility is key to optimizing active layer morphology. We design three linear conjugated polymers with systematically chlorinated backbones to finely modulate aggregation tendency and surface tension. This strategy concurrently regulates film-formation kinetics and donor-acceptor compatibility. PTTz-Cl50 exhibits ideal aggregation and optimal compatibility with BTP-eC9, enabling sequential deposition that forms a bicontinuous interpenetrating network with appropriate domain size and marked phase purity. This microstructure provides sufficient interfacial area for exciton dissociation while retaining high-purity charge transport pathways. Consequently, the device demonstrates rapid exciton dissociation, efficient charge transport, and suppressed recombination, enhancing both short-circuit current and fill factor. This yield a high power conversion efficiency of 20.42% for linear conjugated polymers, underscoring the promise of low-cost materials for efficient devices.

Achieving high specific detectivity ( D * ) in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region remains challenging for organic photodetectors (OPDs) due to the limited photoelectric conversion efficiency and high dark current density ( J d ). Herein, we present a novel design strategy involving the extended conjugation of central unit to develop non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) with an exceptionally low bandgap ( E g opt ) of 0.69 eV. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that QXIC‐4F exhibits a simultaneous enhancement in quinoidal resonance and diversified intermolecular stacking, resulting in redshifted absorption beyond 1200 nm, improved carrier mobility, reduced non‐radiative recombination, and lower trap density. As a result, OPDs based on QXIC‐4F achieve a high D * exceeding 10 14 Jones at 1040 nm under 0 V bias, significantly outperforming commercial silicon (Si)‐based detectors. Notably, a flexible 15 mm × 15 mm photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor and 256 × 256 organic photodiode image arrays (OPDIA) with 50 µm × 50 µm pixel pitch are successfully fabricated, demonstrating accurate heart rate monitoring and high‐quality SWIR imaging at room temperature.

Simultaneously achieving high dielectric constant, low elastic modulus, and high breakdown strength in elastomer composites constitutes a critical challenge for high-performance dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs). In this work, a synergistic strategy integrating microencapsulated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a sandwich structure is proposed to address this dilemma. Core-shell structured melamine-formaldehyde (MF@MWCNTs) fillers were synthesized via in-situ grafting, where the insulating MF shell not only enhances the dispersion of MWCNTs but also improves interfacial compatibility within the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. At an ultralow filler loading of 0.5 wt.%, the MF@MWCNTs/PDMS composite exhibits a significantly enhanced dielectric constant of 9.2 at 10 kHz while retaining a low elastic modulus. Furthermore, by constructing a sandwich-structured composite (MF-P-MF) with the configuration of MF@MWCNTs/PDMS-PDMS-MF@MWCNTs/PDMS, a remarkable synergistic improvement in breakdown strength is achieved, reaching 103.4 V/μm—an 85% enhancement compared to the single-layer composite filled with pristine MWCNTs. This performance enhancement is attributed to the combined effects of the MF shell’s scattering on electrical tree channels and the barrier function of the middle PDMS layer. Consequently, the optimized sandwich-structured actuator demonstrates a bending deformation that is 200% higher than that of pure PDMS under the same driving field. This work provides a novel and effective design paradigm for the development of advanced dielectric elastomers with integrated high electromechanical performance, holding great potential for applications in soft robotics and flexible electronics.

Commercial photodetectors integrated on readout circuits typically operate under bias voltage, necessitating low dark current density (Jd) to achieve high detectivity. However, suppressing Jd remains a critical challenge for organic photodetectors (OPDs), particularly those operating in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) region. Herein, we report SWIR-OPDs that achieve ultralow Jd under high bias voltage by developing a narrow bandgap p-type polymer as the SWIR absorber, thereby establishing an alternative material platform for high-performance SWIR-OPDs. The new polymer PDCBT-DTO2F adopts a push-pull architecture comprising quaterthiophene donor units and 5,6-dicyano-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole acceptor moieties. Substituting the alkyl chains on quaterthiophene units with alkoxy chains significantly enhanced the intramolecular charge transfer effect and backbone coplanarity. This modification simultaneously yielded intense SWIR absorption, high crystallinity, reduced trap density, and low energetic disorder. Through extensive device optimization, the SWIR-OPD based on PDCBT-DTO2F exhibited Jd as low as 15.6 nA cm- 2 under -2 V and 58.1 nA cm-2 even under -5 V. Consequently, a detectivity of 1.04 × 1012 Jones was realized at 1100 nm under -2 V bias, ranking among the best performance for SWIR-OPDs operating under reverse bias.

Porous Y2O3 ceramics are considered promising materials for applications such as titanium-alloy precision casting due to their high chemical compatibility with reactive Ti melts. Conventional binder-jetted Y2O3, however, suffers from poor sintering, high initial porosity, and inter-layer connected defects. In this study, an aqueous binder was used as an active carrier for the localized introduction of nano-CaTiO3 sintering activators into the printed regions during binder jetting. Nano-CaTiO3-modified binders were prepared by two-step ball-milling, dilution, and sequential filtration, and their stability, rheology, jetting, and wetting behavior were evaluated. Binders with 3–9 wt% nano-CaTiO3 enabled stable piezoelectric jetting and powder-bed penetration. After sintering at 1600 °C, open porosity decreased from 51.15% to 35.43%, flexural strength increased from 11.36 to 28.19 MPa, and roughness decreased from 10.66 to 5.42 μm. XRD and SEM–EDS support the formation of Ti-containing interfacial reaction products, while XPS indicates changes in the local chemical environment. Ca-related defect modification is proposed as a possible contribution.

Achieving high specific detectivity (D *) in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region remains challenging for organic photodetectors (OPDs) due to the limited photoelectric conversion efficiency and high dark current density (J d). Herein, we present a novel design strategy involving the extended conjugation of central unit to develop non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) with an exceptionally low bandgap (E g opt) of 0.69 eV. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that QXIC-4F exhibits a simultaneous enhancement in quinoidal resonance and diversified intermolecular stacking, resulting in redshifted absorption beyond 1200 nm, improved carrier mobility, reduced non-radiative recombination, and lower trap density. As a result, OPDs based on QXIC-4F achieve a high D * exceeding 1014 Jones at 1040 nm under 0 V bias, significantly outperforming commercial silicon (Si)-based detectors. Notably, a flexible 15 mm & times; 15 mm photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor and 256 & times; 256 organic photodiode image arrays (OPDIA) with 50 & micro;m & times; 50 & micro;m pixel pitch are successfully fabricated, demonstrating accurate heart rate monitoring and high-quality SWIR imaging at room temperature.

Polymer-based all-solid-state electrolytes hold great promise for significantly enhancing the safety of lithiumbased batteries and further overcoming their energy density limitations. However, their widespread adoption has been constrained by insufficient ionic conductivity. In this work, a novel all-solid-state polymer-based electrolyte was constructed through chemical bridging between vinyl-functionalized UIO-66-type metal-organicframework (MOF) and vinyl-terminated etherified polycarbonate. The nanoconfinement effect of MOF enables anion absorption, which facilitates LiTFSI dissociation. Benefiting from the weak coordination effect of the polycarbonate segments, combined with the crystallization suppression and nanoconfinement provided by the MOF, the resulting electrolyte achieves a room-temperature ionic conductivity of 8.87 & times; 10-5 S cm-1 and a lithium-ion transference number of 0.56. Moreover, the intrinsic high electrochemical stability of the polycarbonate, synergistically enhanced by the Lewis acidic sites of the MOF, extends the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte to 4.8 V vs. Li+/Li. As a result, a symmetric Li||Li cell demonstrates stable cycling over 140 h. Compared with the poly(ether-carbonate)-based all-solid-state electrolyte, the MOF-poly(ether-carbonbatteries. This work demonstrates a synergistic strategy for designing multi-component chemically bridged

Electron transport layers (ETLs) are crucial for reducing the interfacial energy barrier in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, conventional polymer-based ETLs often suffer from limited conductivity and severe interfacial defects, hindering the improvement in both efficiency and stability. Herein, we develop a hybrid ETL by incorporating a nickel-based metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF) into a polymeric ETL (NDI-Br). The incorporation of Ni-MOF introduces abundant Ni centers that coordinate with the bromide anions in NDI-Br, generating strong interactions that enhance interfacial charge transport and reduce interfacial recombination. OSCs based on the hybrid ETL, NDI-Br:Ni-MOF (10:1), exhibit a remarkable efficiency of 20.7%, largely outperforming that (19.1%) of devices based on pristine NDI-Br. Moreover, the hybrid ETL demonstrates exceptional thickness tolerance (maintaining 17.3% efficiency at 80 nm) and thermal stability with a T90 lifetime exceeding 1000 h. This work provides a versatile interfacial engineering strategy that can well address the efficiency-stability trade-off in OSCs, paving the way for further promoting the practical use of OSCs.

Inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) offer superior operational stability, though their efficiencies are typically lower than those of conventional devices. Here, we identify and elucidate a distinct “performance self-gain phenomenon” in inverted OSCs, where device performance spontaneously improves during dark storage. Detailed characterizations reveal that this behavior originates from the delayed molecular rearrangement and vertical phase redistribution within the bulk heterojunction rather than from interfacial activation or light-soaking effects. This morphological relaxation leads to the enrichment of the electron acceptor near the electron-transport layer, reduces the energetic disorder, and improves the charge extraction. By introducing a polymeric acceptor-rich sublayer beneath the bulk heterojunction, we not only eliminate performance variability but also achieve highly reproducible inverted devices with a record power conversion efficiency of 20.51% (certified 20.19%) and exceptional operational stability. These results reveal the dynamic nature of organic semiconductor morphologies and provide practical strategies for reliable, high-performance organic photovoltaics.

Organic batteries using abundant and recyclable organic electrode materials provide a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries1-5, which rely on resource-limited mineral-derived inorganic electrode materials6-8. However, the practical use of organic batteries has been severely hindered by the intrinsic insulation and dissolution of organic electrode materials9,10. Here we report practical organic batteries using an n-type conducting polymer cathode, poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO), which exhibits excellent mixed ionic and electronic transport and low solubility. The PBFDO cathode maintains its n-doped state throughout the electrochemical processes and exhibits stable and reversible redox characteristics, high electrical conductivities and significant lithium-ion diffusion coefficients, without the need for additional conductive additives. Consequently, ultrahigh-mass-loading polymer cathodes, with mass loadings up to 206 mg cm-2, are realized, delivering a high areal capacity of 42 mAh cm-2 and demonstrating robust cycling stability. Furthermore, practical 2.5 Ah lithium-organic pouch cells were fabricated, achieving an impressive energy density of 255 Wh kg-1. Notably, the conducting polymer cathode operates efficiently over a wide temperature range from -70 °C to 80 °C and demonstrates excellent flexibility and safety, marking considerable potential for applications in extreme conditions and wearable electronics.

ABSTRACT Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) hold great promise for next‐generation high‐safety lithium batteries, yet their development is fundamentally constrained by the inherent dilemma of poor ion transport and unstable electrode–electrolyte interfaces. To address the challenge, the biomimetic ion‐management strategy termed “recognition‐capture” strategy, inspired by the synergistic predation behavior of grouper and moray eel, is proposed. The covalent organic framework (COF) with ordered nanochannels is designed as the “moray eel” to recognize, enrich, and guide TFSI − anions, while the hyperbranched polyamidoamine (PAMAM) with dense amine groups serves as the “grouper” to deeply anchor and lock the anions. Therefore, the created composite electrolyte TFPL simultaneously achieves ionic conductivity of 4.5 mS cm −1 and t Li+ of 0.7. Moreover, the biomimetic “recognition‐capture” strategy induces the spontaneous formation of the stable gradient interphase (Li 3 N─Li 2 S─LiF/LiH), which homogenizes Li + flux and suppresses dendrite. Consequently, Li||Li cells achieve stable cycling exceeding 1800 h. The TFPL electrolyte enables LFP cells to cycle stably for 450 cycles at 5 C, delivers over 240 mAh g −1 for NCM811 cell at 4.5 V, and offers 9.37 mAh for NCM523 pouch cells at 0.1 C. The strategy also proves effective in Li─S cell, demonstrating the broad applicability for next‐generation solid‐state lithium–metal batteries.

Conducting polymers, as a type of pseudocapacitive material, have garnered significant attention in the development of all-organic supercapacitors due to their superior electrochemical properties. While extensive research has been conducted on p-type conducting polymers, n-type analogues continue to face challenges such as poor stability and narrow electrochemical windows. This study presents a method to enhance n-type conducting polymer poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO)-based supercapacitors by introducing hydroquinone (HQ) as a redox-active electrolyte additive. With 20 mM HQ, an increase in specific capacitance from 33 to approximately 60 F g-1 is observed, and the device retains over 93% capacity after 50,000 cycles. Experimental results demonstrate that HQ facilitates reversible doping/dedoping processes, thereby improving ion diffusion and polymer stability. Remarkably, even under an ultrahigh power density of 50,000 W kg-1, the device still delivers 5.6 Wh kg-1 of energy density, demonstrating exceptional high-power endurance. Similarly, other hydroquinone derivatives also improve rate capability and long-term stability, thereby mechanistically confirming the universality of this strategy for improving the performance of all-organic energy storage devices.

Electret materials are receiving intensive scrutiny in the field of neuromorphic electronics owing to their remarkable capability to retain charges. This work presents a flexible neuromorphic synaptic transistor (NST) with multimodal neuromorphic computation and multiwavelength light response using a strong-polarity lactambased polymer electret. The NSTs exhibited excellent multimodal performance (even bent at a curvature of 5 mm), including ultra-low energy consumption (4.8 aJ for single optical event), broadband response (395-620 nm), short/long-term plasticity, pair-pulse facilitation (PPF, as high as 241 %), spike voltage/ frequency/duration/number-dependent plasticity, good learning-forgetting-relearning feature, and high recognition accuracy of 89.7 % by handwritten digital datasets. Interestingly, the electrical stimulation is able to affect the optical excitatory post-synaptic current, which is attributed to the PVP directional polarization effect. This makes the gate voltage of the NSTs can function as an external parameter like human emotion that influences visual perception and thereby reflecting visual adaptive characteristics. Our work suggests a promising strategy toward developing wearable artificial neuromorphic systems with high-efficiency computing in memory (CiM) ability.

In addition to the heterojunction layer, the interfacial layers also determine the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) owing to their great role in promoting the charge extraction. Herein, the study explores the use of rarely reported polyaniline (PANI)-derived polymers as self-assembled hole-transporting layer (HTL) in OSCs. It is observed that the tailoring of either spacer groups or polymerization sites can greatly affect the material aggregation and thus OSC performance. Specifically, the polymer with phenyl spacer (36-Ph-PANI) largely outperforms that with alkyl linkers, which is ascribed to the enhanced aspect ratio and dipole moment of the former molecule that contributes to the substrate coverage and hole extraction. Moreover, the linking of PANI with carbazole at 2,7-sites is much inferior than that at 3,6-positions, attributing to the higher hole mobility of the latter induced by the formation of radical cation. The combined merits of 36-Ph-PANI, including high transmittance, appropriate doping, and efficient charge extraction, enable a decent efficiency of 15.08% in OSCs. This work provides a subtle strategy for developing hole-transporting polymers that can self-assemble into monolayers, paving the way for more efficient and stable OSCs.

Polythiophenes are the most promising electron donors for organic solar cells (OSCs) in large-scale manufacturing due to their simple chemical structures and low production cost. However, the efficiency of polythiophene...

An overview of water/alcohol-based organic nanoparticles applied in optoelectronic devices, encompassing the entire journey from nanoparticle synthesis to practical applications.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 20%, yet the transition from lab to market remains challenging. This study proposes a systematic molecular engineering paradigm for developing cost-effective polymer donors, exemplified by PPT-3, specifically engineered for semitransparent solar windows. Using simple monocyclic aromatic units, we simplified the synthesis, enabling scalable production from milligrams to 20 g. Opaque OSCs based on PPT-3 achieved PCEs exceeding 18%, with excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility across multiple scales, including three Stille batches (0.2-5.0 g) and four direct-arylation batches (0.2-20.0 g). Moreover, ambient blade-coated semitransparent modules achieved a record PCE of 6.69%, an average visible transmittance of 40.30%, and a light-utilization efficiency of 2.70% over a 120 cm2 active area. This work demonstrates the first scalable synthesis of highperformance polymers (PCE >18%) via a tin-free polymerization route, offering a transformative pathway for advancing OSCs from lab-scale research to commercial viability.