As the core encoding standard for $\mathbf{4 K} \boldsymbol{/} \mathbf{8 K}$ videos, HEVC holds a dominant position in satellite television, streaming media platforms (such as Netflix), and professional film and television storage. Its compression efficiency is $\mathbf{4 0 \% - 5 0 \%}$ higher than that of H.264. Exploring video steganography schemes based on the HEVC standard holds significant application value. This paper presents a highperformance HEVC steganography algorithm based on Intra-frame QDST coefficient. Due to the problem of intraframe distortion drift caused by embedding the intra-frame $4 \times 4$ QDST blocks, this paper first proposes a corresponding solution. Then, in order to reduce the amount of modification to the QDST blocks required by the solution, this paper presents an efficient embedding scheme, further enhancing the imperceptibility of the algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed steganography scheme exhibits good imperceptibility and embedding capacity.

A new video steganography approach that relies on establishing an N-dimension space encoding for DCT residual coefficients. To begin with, an appropriate 8 × 8 DCT or 16 × 16 DCT residual coefficient block is chosen for embedding. This selection is made based on the embedding strength of the Transform Block (TB), random numbers, and the values of the coefficients. Next, the upper-frequency coefficients are standardized into an N-dimension array and then mapped to points within the constructed N-dimension space. The mapped values of these points are computed according to pre-defined mapping rules. By comparing the values of meta-data (the data to be embedded) with the mapping values, all the neighboring points of the previous point in the N-dimension space are searched. Subsequently, the coefficients of the N-dimension array are adjusted to the neighboring points where the mapping value matches the metadata value, thus realizing video steganography. This method enables the embedding of multiple metadata bits. Usually, it only necessitates the modification of a single DCT coefficient, which helps to minimize the embedding error. In the H.265/HEVC environment, the successful extraction of information shows the high robustness of the video steganography algorithm. Prior to information embedding, STC is employed to pre - process the data and conceal it within the carrier information. Even when the carrier information is subject to a certain degree of interference, the correct information can still be retrieved. The experimental findings verify the advantages of the proposed video steganography approach.

HEVC is an efficient video encoding standard that can provide better video quality and lower bit rates. Therefore, HEVC videos are widely used in high-definition/ultra-high-definition video applications, video conferencing, live streaming, and other fields. Therefore, steganography algorithms using HEVC videos as carriers have high transmission concealment. This paper proposed a HEVC video steganography algorithm based on intra-frame 8×8 QDCT coefficients. An effective embedding scheme was used to improve the visual quality of the algorithm, and the performance of the algorithm was demonstrated through experiments.

In H.265/HEVC, high occupancy rates in bitstreams indicate DCT/DST residual coefficients are ideal embedding positions for video steganography. This paper presents a novel hybrid video steganography embedding framework based on DCT/DST residual coefficients. For intra-prediction, 4 × 4 DST residual coefficients are selected as embedding carrier for high imperceptibility, intra-prediction modes and coefficient pairs are used for averting intra distortion drift and improving visual quality of stego video. For inter-prediction, 4 × 4 DCT residual coefficients and N-dimensional space coding are used for limiting inter-embedding error, where the superiority is that we can embed multiple bits of secret message while only one 4 × 4 DCT residual coefficient needs to be modified at most, where the high visual quality and low bit-rate increase can be achieved. The proposed embedding framework combines the advantages of the technique of intra-averting distortion drift and inter-N-dimensional space coding of DCT residual coefficients to an integrated solution, where increasing the embedding capacity significantly. The experimental results have been proven the superiority of the proposed video steganography embedding framework in terms of high visual quality, high embedding capacity and low bit rate increase.

In today's digital age, digital video has the characteristics of wide sources, large capacity and strong camouflage, making it an excellent carrier for steganography. At the same time, HEVC video coding standard has good application prospects. This paper presents a novel and high-performance steganography algorithm based on HEVC standard. The secret message is embedded into the multi-coefficients of the selected 4 × 4 luminance QDST blocks to avert the intra-frame distortion drift. And a novel embedding scheme is used to reduce the modification of these embedded blocks. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively increase the visual quality and get good embedding capacity.

This paper proposes a blockchain-based video security verification method. In order to ensure the security of the video, we use data hiding technology to embed message that can ensure the security of the video into the video, at the same time, in order to improve the non-tamperability and non-forgery of data hiding. We construct the hash value of the message embedded in the original video, the hash value of the carrier video (video with embedded message) and the attribute message of the video as video metadata, and upload the video metadata to the blockchain network. Comparing the message extracted from the carrier video with the video metadata stored on the blockchain can achieve double verification of the video. At the same time, distributed storage of carrier video through IPFS can effectively store and manage large-scale video data, ensuring the security and high availability of videos.

Within the enterprise sector, there is a growing trend of adopting private and consortium blockchains to leverage the benefits of blockchain technology. Networks based on Proof-of-Authority (PoA) and compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) are particularly advantageous in this scenario, providing both efficiency and straightforward setup. While private blockchains inherently enhance security by their permissioned nature, which restricts node participation to authorised entities only, it’s crucial to recognise the ongoing necessity for additional safeguards. These safeguards are essential to guarantee that only verified and trustworthy smart contracts are deployed. A key concern in this realm is addressing particular attack vectors, such as front-running attacks. This paper presents an innovative proxy-layer solution designed to integrate effortlessly with any EVM-compatible blockchain, thereby strengthening both governance and security aspects.

In H.265/HEVC, DST transformation is first utilized for the 4 × 4 residual coefficient block to deal with complex texture features region, which improves the compression efficiency compared with the earlier H.264/AVC, and also provides a potential embedding position for video steganography. This paper presents a novel video steganography method based on constructing an N-dimensional space coding of 4 × 4 DCT/DST residual coefficients. First, 4 × 4 DCT/DST residual coefficient blocks are selected for embedding according to embedding strength, random number and coefficient values of TB. Second, high frequency coefficients are normalized into an N-dimensional array and mapped to a point in the constructed N-dimensional space, and the mapping value of this point is calculated based on pre-defined mapping rules. Third, according to the value of the metadata (embedded data) and mapping value, traversing all neighbor points in the N-dimensional space, video steganography can be achieved by modifying N-dimensional array coefficients to neighbor point that satisfies whose mapping value is equal to the value of metadata. The proposed method can embed multiple metadata bits while only modify at most one DCT/DST coefficient, so the embedding error is limited. The experimental results have been proven the superiority of the proposed video steganography method.

With the increasing preference for information exchange in the form of video, steganography technology based on video will have huge application requirements in military communications, industrial Internet and other fields. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) has received extensive attention for its high compression efficiency since its release in 2013, and after recent years of development, it has been applied to many products, so it is of great significance to research the video steganography algorithm based on the HEVC coding standard. This paper presents a HEVC video steganography method based on intra-frame QDCT coefficient. The secret information is embedded into the coupling coefficient of the selected 8 × 8 luminance QDST blocks to avert the intra-frame distortion drift. And the (7, 4) Hamming code is used to reduce the modification of these embedded blocks. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively increase the visual quality and get good embedding capacity.

Video security is becoming a significant issue in multimedia industry while considering the increasingly prosperous TikTok and video conference. The video steganography technique which plays a key role in protecting video security has been a hot research area in recent years. In this paper, we provide a novel two-dimension histogram shifting video steganography algorithm for H.265/HEVC based video applications. In this two-dimension histogram shifting scheme, we can achieve embedding 4-bits metadata (secret data) while at most modifying only one-bit QDST coefficient. In order to eliminate the embedding error for carrier videos, the embedded carrier is limited to 4 × 4 block QDST coefficients. First, the high frequency coefficients in 4 × 4 blocks are selected to form an embedded coefficient pair, which are divided into 19 non-intersecting sets according to the value of the coefficient pair. Second, according to the set of embedding coefficient pair, the metadata is embedded by provided two-dimensional histogram shifting rules. Finally, the embedded carrier block is encoded into bitstream by entropy encoding, and the metadata is extracted by inverse process corresponding to embedding. The experimental results have been proven the superiority of efficiency and performance about the proposed algorithm.

High definition video application has drawn a lot of interest both from academy and industry. The relevant latest video coding technology, H.265/HEVC has been a promising area for video steganography. In this paper, we present a novel and efficient video steganography method based on transform block decision for H.265. In order to improve the visual quality of carrier video, we analyze the embedding error of data hiding with modifying partitioning parameters of CB, PB and TB, and modify the transform block decision to embed secret message and update corresponding residuals synchronously. In order to limit embedding error, we utilize an efficient embedding mapping rule which can embed N (N>1) bits message and at most modify one bit transform partitioning flag. Our experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve better visual quality, larger embedding capacity and less bit-rate increase than state-of-the-art researches.

As one of the most popular communication media today, digital video is generally regarded as an ideal covert communication carrier. Therefore, video steganography technology has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of data hiding and has become one of the research hotspots in this field. This paper presents a HEVC video steganography method based on QDST coefficient. The secret message is embedded into the multi-coefficients of the selected 4 × 4 luminance QDST blocks to avert the intra-frame distortion drift. And the matrix encoding technology is used to reduce the modification of these embedded blocks. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively increase the visual quality and get good embedding capacity.

An efficient and novelty video steganography scheme with adopting averting intra prediction distortion drift technique is proposed in this paper for the enhanced protection of crucial data related to H.265/HEVC digital video. With adoption of intra prediction modes selection and DCT/DST coefficients correlation, the intra prediction distortion drift can be totally prevented in intra frame (I frame). With adoption of selection of prediction patterns of multiple adjacent prediction blocks, the intra prediction distortion drift in inter frames (B frame or P frame) can be totally prevented. Compared to the previous related works, the proposed scheme applied the averting intra prediction distortion drift technique not only intra but also inter frames, and further improve the visual quality (imperceptibility) of carrier video about H.265/HEVC. Moreover, larger embedding capacity can also be achieved rather than embedding only manipulated on I frames. The experimental results have been proven the superiority of efficiency and performance about the proposed scheme.

Vision is the main way for people to perceive and recognize the world. In this paper, four categories of the redundant information of video encoding, spatial redundancy, time redundancy, visual redundancy and statistical redundancy, are first introduced. Spatial redundancy is redundant information existing in static frames, time redundancy is the luminance and chrominance correlation between adjacent frames in the video sequence, visual redundancy is information that the human visual system cannot perceive, statistical redundancy is the expression redundancy of the information source symbols. Then the performance assessment of video coding are introduced. And the future development of video coding and conclusion are finally discussed in this paper.

Blockchain is a shared digital public ledger that cannot be changed once transactions are recorded and verified. Since most blockchain nodes retain copies of the ledger, the blockchain brings the benefits of decentralization while also bringing privacy leakage issues. With the continuous development of blockchain applications, how to protect the privacy data on the blockchain platform is a very worthwhile research question. This paper first divides each blockchain transaction data into two parts: sensitive data and basic data, and then encrypts and hides the sensitive data into the HEVC video to protect the privacy transaction data of the blockchain. The experimental results show that this HEVC video steganography algorithm can effectively increase the privacy data embedding capacity and get good visual quality.

The legitimate owner interests protection of traditional digital videos has become an increasingly demand with the rapid development of internet video applications. The development of Blockchain, which provides decentralization, traceability, and high credibility attributes has provided a technical inspiration for digital video legitimate interests protection. In this paper, we propose a novel and effective security protection framework by hiding secret data in the digital video of the Blockchain network. On the Blockchain network side, we upload the secret data referred to video to Blockchain network; on the traditional server side, we use smart contract to manipulate the procedures of embedding and extraction of secret data which has been embedded into digital video. Then, we could verify, trace and protect the secret data which are stored into Blockchain network and digital video contents itself, respectively. It is proven that the proposed framework could achieve high efficiency and accurate performance on digital video security protection.

This paper presents a HEVC video steganography algorithm based on QDCT coefficient without intra-frame distortion drift. We embed the secret message into the multi-coefficients of the selected 8 × 8 luminance QDCT blocks which meet our conditions to avert the distortion drift. With the use of three multi-coefficients in each row or column of the 8 × 8 luminance QDCT block, the embedded capacity is considerably larger than using single multi-coefficients. The experimental results show that this video steganography algorithm can effectively avert intra-frame distortion drift and get good visual quality.

A video steganography method based on H.265/HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) video adaptive transform block size is proposed in this paper. With the adoption of new quadtree splitting structure in H.265/HEVC video compression standard, secret information could be embedded into carrier bitstreams by adaptive modifying the transform unit (TU) size during the procedures of searching best coding syntax elements set. Different from traditional video steganography methods, the proposed method could achieve at most modifying the transform unit splitting once while multiple secret information is embedded, which can achieve a high visual quality for digital carrier video. Moreover, the proposed method is only manipulated on the splitting decision process of TUs. Large volume quantity of TUs in compressed carrier video could guarantee a high embedding capacity. The experimental results have been proven the superiority of efficiency and performance about the proposed method. Moreover, the proposed method can be better applied to high-definition (HD) or higher video applications, and provides a practical tool for the protection of privacy data about digital video, as well as the contents of digital video itself.

With the advent of the era of big data, enterprise big data, government big data, and network users big data have played great value in various industries. But at the same time, any behavior of people may be tracked and recorded. People's demand for privacy protection is also growing. In this paper, a HEVC reversible video data hiding algorithm combined with encryption technology is proposed for video big data to realize privacy protection. A monoalphabetic substitution cipher algorithm is used for encryption, then the encrypt data is embedded into the proposed multivariate array of the 4 × 4 luminance DST blocks to avert the distortion drift. With the inverse operation of multivariate array in decoder, the embedded video is perfectly reconstructed as the original encoded video. It is proved analytically and shown experimentally that the proposed algorithm can achieve high embedding capacity, security and low visual distortion. Performance comparisons with other existing schemes are provided to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme.

Video steganography is becoming an important research area in various data hiding technologies, which has become a promising tool because not only the security requirement of secret message transmission is becoming stricter but also video is more favored. In this paper, according to the embedded position of secret message, video steganography is divided into three categories: intra-embedding, pre-embedding and post-embedding. Intra-embedding methods are categorized according to the video compression stages such as intra-prediction, motion vectors, pixels interpolation, transform coefficients. Pre-embedding methods are manipulated on the raw video, which can be classified into spatial and transform domains. Post-embedding methods are mainly focused on the bitstreams, which means the procedure of embedding and extraction of video steganography are all manipulated on the compressed bit stream. Then we introduce the performance assessment for video steganography and the future popular video steganography including H.265 video steganography, robust video steganography and reversible video steganography. And challenges are finally discussed in this paper.