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We primarily focus on the basic biophysical mechanisms underlying insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Insulin plays a key role in maintaining blood glucose, limiting the rise in glucose after meals. This is of basic physiological interest and is also important for understanding the causes and treatment of type 2 diabetes, which arises from a combination of defects in insulin secretion and insulin action. The scope or our research ranges from the individual beta cell to the electrical and chemical coupling of beta cells within the islets of Langerhans (micro-organs within the pancreas consisting of hundreds to thousands of beta cells as well as other endocrine cells) and to the coordination of the islets in the pancreas (hundreds in rodents to hundreds of thousands in humans) to produce pulsatile insulin secretion observed in the plasma. In addition to the wide range of spatial scales, we are interested in the temporal behavior, which consists of oscillations on time scales ranging from milliseconds (action potentials), to tens of seconds (bursts of electrical activity), to minutes (corresponding to the plasma insulin pulses). Finally, this core rhythm-generating system is modulated by a number of signaling pathways involving insulin itself, cyclic adenosine monophoshate (cAMP), and protein kinase C (PKC).
The above goals are addressed by mathematical modeling of electrical activity and calcium handling. Parallel studies are conducted in neurons and endocrine cells in the pituitary and hypothalamus. This comparative work aids in the search for general principles and mechanisms as well as for the specificities that distinguish one cell type from another.
The main tool we use in both beta cell and general neuroendocrine work is mathematical modeling, most typically based on ordinary differential equations. The starting point is equations similar to those pioneered by Hodgkin and Huxley (Nobel Prize winners in 1952) to explain action potentials in neurons. A major addition to their models is the role of calcium, which is both a mediator of membrane depolarization and a second messenger that triggers secretion and modulates a variety of signaling proteins. Among the latter, we are particularly interested in models of calcium-triggered exocytosis downstream of the calcium entry resulting from electrical activity in both nerve terminals and in beta cells. In all of our work, close collaboration with experimentalists is critical, with multiple iterations of modeling, prediction, and testing of model-generated hypotheses leading to progressive refinement of knowledge and understanding.
Recently it has been appreciated that dysfunction in pancreatic alpha cells, which oppose the action of the beta cells by secreting glucagon to raise glucose. Both insulin and glucagon are limited by a third islet hormone, somatostatin, secreted by delta cells. We are developing models of how the three hormones work together in health and disease.
The above goals are addressed by mathematical modeling of electrical activity and calcium handling. Parallel studies are conducted in neurons and endocrine cells in the pituitary and hypothalamus. This comparative work aids in the search for general principles and mechanisms as well as for the specificities that distinguish one cell type from another.
The main tool we use in both beta cell and general neuroendocrine work is mathematical modeling, most typically based on ordinary differential equations. The starting point is equations similar to those pioneered by Hodgkin and Huxley (Nobel Prize winners in 1952) to explain action potentials in neurons. A major addition to their models is the role of calcium, which is both a mediator of membrane depolarization and a second messenger that triggers secretion and modulates a variety of signaling proteins. Among the latter, we are particularly interested in models of calcium-triggered exocytosis downstream of the calcium entry resulting from electrical activity in both nerve terminals and in beta cells. In all of our work, close collaboration with experimentalists is critical, with multiple iterations of modeling, prediction, and testing of model-generated hypotheses leading to progressive refinement of knowledge and understanding.
Recently it has been appreciated that dysfunction in pancreatic alpha cells, which oppose the action of the beta cells by secreting glucagon to raise glucose. Both insulin and glucagon are limited by a third islet hormone, somatostatin, secreted by delta cells. We are developing models of how the three hormones work together in health and disease.
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