A Review of the Association of Ants with Mealybug Wilt Disease of Pineapple

The literature concerning the association between ants and the mealybugs causing pineapple wilt disease is surveyed. A great deal of data on this subject has been published in the relatively obscure technical papers and reports of the defunct Pine- apple Research Institute of Hawaii. This review article is an attempt to bring this infor- mation to a broader audience and examine it in the context of related research reported in mainstream publications to create a meaningful synthesis. Two species of mealy- bugs, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) and D. neobrevipes Beardsley, are associated with wilt disease of pineapple under field conditions. A third species, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) induces wilt symptoms in laboratory experiments, but not under field conditions. The symptoms of wilt disease and the geographic distribu- tion of the pineapple mealybug complex are described. The history of the discovery of the disease, the disease etiology, the association of mealybugs with wilt, and the mutu- alism between ants and mealybugs on pineapple are discussed in detail. At least 28 different species of ants tend mealybugs on pineapples. Pheidole and Solenopsis are the ant genera most commonly associated with pineapple mealybugs throughout the world. The ants and natural enemies associated with mealybugs on pineapple are re- viewed as part of a discussion of the role of ants in promoting mealybug infestations. Finally, management techniques for wilt, including ant and mealybug control, are re- viewed.