laser measurements without tears

Several easily implemented devices for doing ultrasensitive optical measurements with noisy lasers are presented. They are all-electronic noise cancellation circuits that largely eliminate excess laser inten­ sity noise as a source of measurement error and are widely applicable. Shot-noise-limited optical measurements can now easily be made at baseband with noisy lasers. These circuits are especially useful in situations where strong intermodulation efl'ects exist, such as current-tuned diode laser spec­ troscopy. These inexpensive devices (parts cost "$10) can be optimized for particular applications such as wideband or difl'erential measurements. Although they cannoteliminate phase noise efl'ects, they can reduce amplitude noise by 55-70 dB or more, even in unattended operation, and usually achieve the shot-noise limit. With l·Hz signal-to-noise ratios of 150-160 dB, they allow performance equal or superior to a complex heterodyne system in many cases, while using much simpler dual-beam or hornodyne approaches. Although these devices are related to earlier difl'erential and ratiometric tech­ niques, their noise cancellation performance is much better. They work well at modulation frequencies from dc to several megahertz and should be extensible to ""100 MHz. The circuits work by subtracting photocurrents directly, with feedback applied outside the signal path to continuously adjust the subtrac­ tion for perfect balance; thus the excess noise and spurious modulation ideally cancel at all frequencies, leaving only the shot noise. The noise cancellation bandwidth is independent ofthe feedback bandwidth; it depends only on the speeds of the photodiodes and of the bipolar junction transistors used. Two noise-canceled outputs are available; one is a high-pass filtered voltage proportional to the signal pho­ toeurrent and the other is a low-pass filtered voltage related to the log ratio of the signal and comparison photocurrents. For reasonable current densities, the noise floors of the outputs depend only on the shot noise of the signal beam. Four variations on the basic circuit are presented: low noise floor, high cancellation. difl'erential high power, and ratio-only. Emphasis is placed on the detailed operation and design considerations, especially performance extension by compensation of the nonideal character of system components. Experience has shown that some applications advice is required by most users, so that is provided as well. © 1997 Optical Society of America