In vivo NMR spectroscopy

Understanding biological processes at the molecular level is a pillar of modern science, and unique insight can be gained by studying living organisms in real time. As a non-destructive and non-targeted technique, NMR spectroscopy is uniquely capable of characterizing the chemical profile of living organisms during biochemical processes or in response to an applied stressor. In vivo NMR spectroscopy — the study of living organisms by NMR — is discussed here, including the most common and state-of-the-art experimental approaches spanning both solution-state and magic-angle spinning NMR. Key information that can be obtained and important applications — primarily monitoring biochemical processes such as growth and stress responses — are also examined. To date, in vivo NMR has been used in metabolomics studies of microorganisms, plants and invertebrates but it also has potential for medical and pharmaceutical research. Current limitations, best practices for reproducibility and optimizations are also described, including experiments and technologies capable of improving in vivo analysis. This Primer is designed to form a solid foundation for those looking to better understand or incorporate in vivo NMR studies into their own research as well as to shed light on the future of in vivo NMR.