Lipoyl Synthase Requires Two Equivalents ofS-Adenosyl-l-methionine To Synthesize One Equivalent of Lipoic Acid^†

Lipoyl synthase (LipA) catalyzes the formation of the lipoyl cofactor, which is employed by several multienzyme complexes for the oxidative decarboxylation of various alpha-keto acids, as well as the cleavage of glycine into CO2 and NH3, with concomitant transfer of its alpha-carbon to tetrahydrofolate, generating N-5,N-10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. In each case, the lipoyl cofactor is tethered covalently in an amide linkage to a conserved lysine residue located on a designated lipoyl-bearing subunit of the complex. Genetic and biochemical studies suggest that lipoyl synthase is a member of a newly established class of metalloenzymes that use S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) as a source of a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical (5'-dA(.)), which is an obligate intermediate in each reaction. These enzymes contain iron-sulfur clusters, which provide an electron during the cleavage of AdoMet, forming L-methionine in addition to the primary radical. Recently, one substrate for lipoyl synthase has been shown to be the octanoylated derivative of the lipoyl-bearing subunit (E-2) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex [Zhao, S., Miller, J. R., Jian, Y., Marletta, M. A., and Cronan, J. E., Jr. (2003) Chem. Biol. 10, 1293-1302]. Herein, we show that the octanoylated derivative of the lipoyl-bearing subunit of the glycine cleavage system (H-protein) is also a substrate for LipA, providing further evidence that the cofactor is synthesized on its target protein. Moreover, we show that the 5'-dA(.) acts directly on the octanoyl substrate, as evidenced by deuterium transfer from [octanoyl-d(15)]H-protein to 5'-deoxyadenosine. Last, our data indicate that 2 equiv of AdoMet are cleaved irreversibly in forming 1 equiv of [lipoyl]H-protein and are consistent with a model in which two LipA proteins are required to synthesize one lipoyl group.