Regulation of the Type II Hemidesmosomal Plaque Assembly in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Hemidesmosomes (HDs) are cellular junctions that anchor epithelial cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are associated morphologically with the cytoskeleton. Hemidesmosomal molecular components include two proteins involved in linking intermediate filaments, HD1/plectin and BP230, and two transmembrane proteins, BP180 and the α6β4 integrin, a laminin receptor. In cells lacking BP230 and BP180, HD1/plectin still associates with α6β4 integrin, forming HD-like structures, called type II HDs. In the present study, we used an intestinal epithelial cell line that expresses HD1/plectin and the α6β4 integrin to investigate the regulation of assembly of these proteins in type II HDs. These compounds were found to be clustered at sites of cell–ECM contact and their polarized localization was influenced by either cell confluency or extracellular matrix deposition. Conventional and immunoelectron microscopy showed that HD1/plectin and the β4 integrin subunit are colocalized in an adhesion structure. Using cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs and confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that type II HDs are made up of numerous individual plaques whose assembly into a cluster requires actin filaments, but not microtubules.