A clash of socio-technical systems: Exploring actor interactions around electrification and electricity trade in unfolding low-carbon pathways for Ontario

•Interactions between multiple socio-technical systems are critical to transitions.•Leverages insights on transitions and disruption to consider these interactions.•Analyses positioning of actors from electricity, heat, and transport systems in Ontario.•Uncovers emerging patterns of interaction, ranging in degree of competition or symbiosis.•Identifies potential alignments and tensions with implications for policy.