Fetal pain and intrauterine analgesia/anesthesia: neuroanatomy, ontogenesis and physiology of pain perception]

The human fetus can suffer several presumably painful interventions perinatally and even before, during its intrauterine life. In recent years, a scientific dispute has expanded, concerning the existence of fetal pain and the need for its relief, and a heated social, political, religious, moral and philosophical debate has arisen, focusing mainly on the suffering experienced by the fetus during artificial abortion. We review the medical scientific knowledge regarding fetal pain in the literature. The definition of pain and the neuroanatomical structures participating in subjective pain perception, followed by the development of the latter in the course of ontogeny is presented. The objective indicators of intrauterine stress response (such as fetal neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, reflex and behavioral reactions) evoked by noxious stimuli are discussed.