Scaling Gas Transfer with Turbulent Dissipation for a Range of Environmental Processes

Here, measurements will be presented on the turbulent dissipation rate using acoustic techniques and gas transfer velocity using micrometeorological and active controlled flux techniques in the coastal ocean, a macro-tidal river estuary with wind and tidal forcing, a large tidal freshwater river, a model ocean, and wind-wave tanks. The results clearly show that gas transfer under wind, waves, currents, rain, and surfactants indeed scales with the hypothesized model based on the turbulent dissipation rate over a wide range of environmental systems with different types of environmental forcing and processes. The effects of bubbles are considered for the case at high winds in the coastal ocean when the gas exchange was enhanced relative to the model based on turbulence.