Wind-Blown Foliage and Human-Induced Fading in Ground-Surface Narrowband Communications at 400 MHz.

As small-scale fading is a spatial phenomenon, the movement of objects in the environment around static sensor nodes can induce significant fades. However, there have not been many works characterizing small-scale fading due to environmental factors for ground-surface wireless communications. We first measure the temporal fading characteristics experienced by antennas located just 1.5 cm above the...