Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: retrospective evaluation of CT imaging features and pattern of metastatic disease on dual-phase MDCT with pathologic correlation

Purpose The purpose of the study is to evaluate the CT appearance and pattern of metastatic disease of patients with surgically resected well-differentiated duodenal neuroendocrine tumors who underwent pre-operative dual-phase CT. Methods Clinical and pathologic records and CT images of 28 patients (average age 58.0 years) following Whipple procedure were retrospectively reviewed. The size, morphology (polypoid, intraluminal mass or wall thickening, intramural mass), location, CT attenuation in the arterial and venous phases, and the presence of lymph node or liver metastases were recorded. Results On CT, 19 patients (67.8%) had neuroendocrine tumors manifested as polypoid or intraluminal masses (38 lesions, multiple tumors in 3 patients), 4 patients (14.3%) had tumors manifested as wall thickening or intramural masses, and in 5 patients (17.9%), the primary tumor was not visualized. Lesions not seen at CT were less than 0.8 cm on pathologic diagnosis. The mean size of polypoid tumors on CT was 1.2 cm (range 0.3–3.8 cm); 24 tumors were 1.0 cm or smaller, and 14 tumors were larger than 1.0 cm. Most lesions were hypervascular in the arterial phase (19/23 patients) with an increase in tumor enhancement in the venous phase in 14 patients (60.9%), decrease in enhancement in 7 patients (30.4%), and no change in enhancement in 2 patients (8.7%). Thirteen patients (46.4%) had metastatic disease from carcinoid tumor, most commonly regional enhancing lymphadenopathy. Conclusion Duodenal carcinoid tumors commonly appear as an enhancing mass in either the arterial or venous phases. If a primary tumor is not seen in the duodenum, adjacent enhancing lymphadenopathy can be a clue to the presence of a duodenal carcinoid tumor.