Facile conversion of tetracycline antibiotics to 4,11a-bridged derivatives via oxidative mannich cyclization

Treatment of a variety of tetracyclines (tigecycline, minocycline, tetracycline and doxycycline) with Ag 2 CO 3 /EDTA or Hg(OAc) 2 cleanly gave the 4,11a-bridged derivatives in high yields. The reactions proceeded through a novel, intramolecular Mannich cyclization of an iminium species generated by oxidation of the tertiary dimethylamino group at C(4) by Ag(I) or Hg(II). Tetracyclines without 5-OH-substitution (tigecycline, tetracycline and minocycline) gave the 4-OH-substituted, 4,11a-bridged compound, whereas doxycycline gave the 4-dimethylamino-substituted, 4,11a-bridged product. In the case of tetracycline, the 4,11a-bridged compound can equilibrate further to a 4,6-bridged hemiketal. Some of the bridged compounds underwent a novel decarboxylation—rearrangement sequence under acidic conditions to give tricyclic, open chain 1,4-quinoid compounds.