Monocyte- and endothelial-derived microparticles induce an inflammatory phenotype in human podocytes.

Background/Aims: Proteinuria is associated with cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Microparticles (MPs) are bioactive vesicles shed from activated cells and also linked to cardiovascular disease. MP-like structures have been identified in the glomerular basement membrane, urinary space and between the glomerular basement membrane and the podocyte. We hypothesised that circulating MPs may provide a link between vascular injury and kidney diseases by inducing podocyte phenotypic alterations, thus propagating glomerular dysfunction and proteinuria. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and U937 monocytes were stimulated with TNF-alpha to produce MPs. These MPs were confirmed by electron microscopy, and added to differentiated podocyte monolayers to determine effects on podocyte albumin endocytosis and the production of soluble mediators. Results: Monocyte and endothelial MPs upregulated podocyte production of pro-inflammatory mediators monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p < 0.001) and interleukin-6 (p < 0.001). Only monocyte MPs upregulated podocyte secretion of VEGF (p < 0.001), known to regulate glomerular permeability. Endothelial MPs decreased podocyte albumin endocytosis by 13% compared to control cells (p < 0.01). Conclusion: MPs alter endocytic functions of podocytes and induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, potentially leading to glomerular inflammation in vivo and the development of proteinuria. This study identifies a potential pathophysiological role for circulating MPs in the kidney through effects on the podocyte. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel