Therapeutic effects of intrathecal versus intravenous monosialoganglioside against bupivacaine-induced spinal neurotoxicity in rats.

•Intrathecal GM-1 has more effect than intravenous GM-1 on local anesthetics neurotoxicity.•Intrathecal GM-1 is superior to intravenous GM-1 on bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity.•The better effect of intrathecal GM-1 than intravenous GM-1 attributes to inhibit caspase-3.•The better effectiveness of intrathecal GM-1 attributes to inhibit cellular apoptosis.