Part 2: Evidence Evaluation and Management of Conflicts of Interest: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.

This Part describes the process of creating the 2015 American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC), informed by the 2015 International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR) publication.1,2 The process for the 2015 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) systematic review is quite different when compared with the process used in 2010.1–3 For the 2015 systematic review process, ILCOR used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) (www.gradeworkinggroup.org) approach to systematic reviews and guideline development. For the development of this 2015 Guidelines Update, the AHA used the ILCOR reviews as well as the AHA definition of Classes of Recommendation (COR) and Levels of Evidence (LOE) (Table 1). This Part summarizes the application of the ILCOR GRADE process to inform the creation of 2015 Guidelines Update, and the process of assigning the AHA COR and LOE.\n\nView this table:\n\nTable 1. \nApplying Class of Recommendations and Level of Evidence to Clinical Strategies, Interventions, Treatments, or Diagnostic Testing in Patient Care*\n\n\n\n### Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation\n\nThe 2015 CoSTR summarizes the published scientific evidence that was identified to answer specific resuscitation questions. ILCOR uses the GRADE system to summarize evidence and determine confidence in estimates of effect as well as to formulate treatment recommendations. GRADE is a consensus-crafted tool in wide use by many professional societies and reference organizations, including the American College of Physicians, the American Thoracic Society, and the Cochrane Collaboration, as well as the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization. The choice of the GRADE approach was based on its increasingly ubiquitous use, practicality, and unique features. To our knowledge, the ILCOR evidence review process represents the largest application of the GRADE system in a healthcare-related review.\n\nGRADE is a system to review evidence to determine …