Compassion and altruism: how our minds determine who is worthy of help

•I distinguish compassion from empathy to sharpen precision in terms.•Compassion is a distinct emotional state that motivates altruistic action.•Compassion is modulated by the likelihood that recipients will reciprocate.•Compassion can be promoted through nonconscious nudges and meditation.•Compassion functions as a mechanism for self-regulation meant to build social capital.