Qualitative analysis of Zircaloy-4 cladding air degradation in O 2 -N 2 mixtures at high temperature

This article is devoted to the qualitative analysis of the Zircaloy-4 degradation mechanism at 850 degrees C in oxygen/nitrogen partial pressure atmospheres. Thermogravimetry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, are used to provide some information regarding the oxidation kinetics and the various phases involved along the process. The kinetic curves reveal two stages: a pre-transition and a post-transition one. Oxide growth during the pre-transition stage is controlled by oxygen vacancy diffusion in the oxide layer, since neither oxygen nor nitrogen partial pressure influences the kinetics. In the post-transition stage, nitrogen has an accelerating effect in the corrosion reaction. The kinetic curves reveal two distinct behaviors after the transition according to the oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures: in the first case the corrosion rate rises substantially and leads to a rapid degradation of the metal at high oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures, in the second case the corrosion rate rises dramatically and reaches a plateau at low oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures. This paper describes the influence of both gases on the corrosion kinetics in relation with morphological observations, analyses the discrepancies found between high and low oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures; it also exhibits the complexity of the solid state transformations due to three distinct reactions that appear to take place during the corrosion process.