Catalyst Induced Hydrino Transition (Ciht) Electrochemical Cell

Atomic hydrogen is predicted to form fractional Rydberg energy states H(1/p) called hydrino atoms' wherein n=1/2,1/3,1/4,...,1/p (p137 is an integer) replaces the well-known parameter n=integer in the Rydberg equation for hydrogen excited states. The transition of H to a stable hydrino state H[a(H)/p=m+1] having a binding energy of p(2)x13.6eV occurs by a nonradiative resonance energy transfer of mx27.2eV (m is an integer) to a matched energy acceptor such as nascent H2O which has a potential energy of 81.6eV (m=3) to form an intermediate that decays with the emission of continuum bands with short wavelength cutoffs and energies of m(2)x13.6eV. The predicted H(1/4) continuum radiation in the region 10 to 30nm was observed first at BlackLight Power, Inc. (BLP) and reproduced at the Harvard Center for Astrophysics (CfA) wherein H2O catalyst was formed by a hydrogen reduction reaction at the anode of a hydrogen pinch plasma. By the same mechanism, the nascent H2O molecule formed by an oxidation reaction of OH- at a hydrogen anode is predicted to serve as a catalyst to form H(1/4) with an energy release of 204eV compared to the 1.48eV required to produce H from electrolysis of H2O. CIHT cells, each comprising a Ni anode, NiO cathode, a LiOH-LiBr eutectic mixture as the electrolyte, and MgO matrix exploit hydrino formation as a half-cell reaction to serve as a new electrical energy source. The cells were operated under intermittent H2O electrolysis to generate H at the anode and then discharged to form hydrinos wherein trace H2O vapor was supplied as entrained in an inert gas flow in otherwise closed cells. Net electrical production over the electrolysis input was measured using an Arbin BT 2000 (<0.1% error) and confirmed using a digital oscilloscope, wherein no theoretical conventional energy was possible. Materials characterizations included those that quantified any compositional change of the electrolyte by elemental analysis using ICPMS, XRF, and XRD, and SEM were performed on the anode. The electrical energies were continuously output over long-duration, measured on different systems, configurations, and modes of operation and were typically multiples of the electrical input that in most cases exceed the input by a factor of greater than 10. Calorimetry of solid fuels that exploited the same catalyst and a similar reaction mechanism showed excess thermal energy greater than 10 times the maximum possible from any conventional reaction. The predicted molecular hydrino H-2(1/4) was identified as a product of CIHT cells and solid fuels by MAS H-1 NMR, ToF-SIMS, ESI-ToFMS, electron-beam excitation emission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence emission spectroscopy, FTIR, and XPS. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.