Body composition changes affect energy cost of running during 12 months of specific diet and training in amateur athletes

Considering the relation between body weight composition and energy cost of running, we tested the hypothesis that by modifying body composition by means of a combined protocol of specific diet and training, the energy cost of motion (C-r) may be reduced. Forty-five healthy and normal-weight subjects were divided into 3 groups that performed a different treatment: the first group attended a dietary protocol (D), the second group participated in a running program (R), and the third group followed both the dietary and running protocols (R&D). Each subject underwent 3 anthropometric and exercise evaluation tests during 1 year (at entry (T0), month 6 (T6), and month 12 (T12)) to assess body composition and C-r adjustments. The mean fat mass (FM) values were reduced in R&D from 12.0 +/- 4.0 to 10.4 +/- 3.0 kg (p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12) and in the D group from 14.2 +/- 5.8 to 11.6 +/- 4.7 kg (p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12). Conversely, the mean fat free mass values increased in R&D (from 56.3 +/- 8.8 to 58.3 +/- 9.8 kg, p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12) and in the D group (from 50.6 +/- 13.2 to 52.9 +/- 13.6 kg, p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12). The mean Cr values of the 2 groups were significantly modified throughout the 1-year protocol (1.48 +/- 0.16 and 1.40 +/- 0.15 kcal.kg(-b).km(-1) in the R&D group at T0 and T12, respectively; 1.83 +/- 0.17 and 1.76 +/- 0.23 kcal.kg(-b).km(-1) in D group at T0 to T12, respectively). The R&D and D groups that underwent the diet protocol had a positive change in body composition during the year (FM/fat free mass ratio decline), which determined a Cr reduction.