Patterns in trash: Factors driving municipal recycling in Massachusetts

•Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT) is the most important contributor to recycling success.•Curbside recycling without PAYT may be insignificant or actually hurt rates.•Single stream and legal mandates are not strong recycling drivers.•Education level and median age are important to recycling success.•Access to Materials Recycling Facilities helps increase recycling rates.