Validation of six years of TES tropospheric ozone retrievals with ozonesonde measurements: implications for spatial patterns and temporal stability in the bias

In this analysis, Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) V004 nadir ozone (O-3) profiles are validated with more than 4400 coinciding ozonesonde measurements taken across the world from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) during the period 2005-2010. The TES observation operator was applied to the sonde data to ensure a consistent comparison between TES and ozonesonde data, i.e. without the influence of the a priori O-3 profile needed to regulate the retrieval. Generally, TES V004 O-3 retrievals are biased high by 2-7 ppbv (7-15 %) in the troposphere, consistent with validation results from earlier studies. Because of two degrees of freedom for signal in the troposphere, we can distinguish between upper and lower troposphere mean biases, respectively ranging from -0.4 to +13.3 ppbv for the upper troposphere and +3.9 to +6.0 ppbv for the lower troposphere. Focusing on the 464 hPa retrieval level, broadly representative of the free tropospheric O-3, we find differences in the TES biases for the tropics (+3 ppbv, +7 %), sub-tropics (+5 ppbv, +11 %), and northern (+7 ppbv, +13 %) and southern mid-latitudes (+4 ppbv, +10 %). The relatively long-term record (6 yr) of TES-ozonesonde comparisons allowed us to quantify temporal variations in TES biases at 464 hPa. We find that there are no discernable biases in each of these latitudinal bands; temporal variations in the bias are typically within the uncertainty of the difference between TES and ozonesondes. Establishing these bias patterns is important in order to make meaningful use of TES O-3 data in applications such as model evaluation, trend analysis, or data assimilation.