Mechanistic basis for increased human gene targeting by promoterless vectors: roles of homology arms and Rad54 paralogs.

Gene targeting by homologous recombination provides the definitive tool for analyzing gene function. Promoterless vectors, which do not possess a promoter to drive marker gene expression, confer higher targeting efficiencies than conventional vectors due to the reduced number of drug-resistant clones. We here show that gene-targeting efficiency is typically >= 25% with the use of exon-trapping-type promoterless vectors in a human diploid cell line, Nalm-6. The efficiency of exon-trapping gene targeting was correlated with the level of target gene expression when a 2A peptide sequence was linked to the marker gene. Intriguingly, total arm length was not necessarily a determinant of targeting efficiency, as longer arms tend to enhance both homologous (targeted) and nonhomologous (nontargeted) integration of the vector; rather, the presence of an exon in the 5' arm led to a decreased targeting efficiency. Strikingly, loss of Rad54 did not severely affect the targeting efficiency of exon-trap vectors. Moreover, additional deletion of the Rad54 paralog Rad54B had limited impact on the high-efficiency gene targeting. These results indicate that targeted integration occurs in human cells even when both Rad54 and Rad54B are missing. These studies provide additional important insight into the contribution of various DNA repair factors on the targeting mechanics.