Selective degradation of PU.1 during autophagy represses the differentiation and antitumour activity of T H 9 cells

Autophagy, a catabolic mechanism that involves degradation of cellular components, is essential for cell homeostasis. Although autophagy favours the lineage stability of regulatory T cells, the contribution of autophagy to the differentiation of effector CD4 T cells remains unclear. Here we show that autophagy selectively represses T helper 9 (T H 9) cell differentiation. CD4 T cells lacking Atg3 or Atg5 have increased interleukin-9 (IL-9) expression upon differentiation into T H 9 cells relative to Atg3- or Atg5 -expressing control cells. In addition, the T H 9 cell transcription factor, PU.1, undergoes K63 ubiquitination and degradation through p62-dependent selective autophagy. Finally, the blockade of autophagy enhances T H 9 cell anticancer functions in vivo, and mice with T cell-specific deletion of Atg5 have reduced tumour outgrowth in an IL-9-dependent manner. Overall, our findings reveal an unexpected function of autophagy in the modulation of T H 9 cell differentiation and antitumour activity, and prompt potential autophagy-dependent modulations of T H 9 activity for cancer immunotherapy.