Transgenic rice expressing a codon-modified synthetic CP4 - EPSPS confers tolerance to broad-spectrum herbicide, glyphosate

Key message Highly tolerant herbicide-resistant transgenic rice was developed by expressing codon-modified synthetic CP4 - EPSPS . The transformants could tolerate up to 1 % commercial glyphosate and has the potential to be used for DSR (direct-seeded rice). Abstract Weed infestation is one of the major biotic stress factors that is responsible for yield loss in direct-seeded rice (DSR). Herbicide-resistant rice has potential to improve the efficiency of weed management under DSR. Hence, the popular indica rice cultivar IR64, was genetically modified using Agrobacterium -mediated transformation with a codon-optimized CP4 - EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) gene, with N-terminal chloroplast targeting peptide from Petunia hybrida. Integration of the transgenes in the selected rice plants was confirmed by Southern hybridization and expression by Northern and herbicide tolerance assays. Transgenic plants showed EPSPS enzyme activity even at high concentrations of glyphosate, compared to untransformed control plants. T 0 , T 1 and T 2 lines were tested by herbicide bioassay and it was confirmed that the transgenic rice could tolerate up to 1 % of commercial Roundup, which is five times more in dose used to kill weeds under field condition. All together, the transgenic rice plants developed in the present study could be used efficiently to overcome weed menace.