Seedling recruitment and facilitation dependence on safe site characteristics in a Himalayan treeline ecotone

Seedling establishment is a crucial factor for spatial dynamics of treelines. However, safe sites for successful tree regeneration which is a basic prerequisite for a supposed treeline advance in response to climate warming have not been fully characterised, especially in the Himalayas. In this study, we aim at analysing safe sites of the tree species Abies spectabilis , Betula utilis and Rhododendron campanulatum , dominating the near-natural treeline ecotone in Rolwaling Himal, Nepal. We investigated microhabitat ground cover of established seedlings in rectangular plots along the treeline ecotone from subalpine forest stands via the krummholz belt to alpine dwarf shrub heaths (3800–4200 m). We examined protective elements that potentially ameliorate seedlings’ growth conditions and quantified the distance of seedlings to the nearest protective element. Our results showed species-specific microhabitat preferences for seedling establishment. While A. spectabilis seedlings establish on ground that is covered in average by 70% with litter, B. utilis and R. campanulatum seedlings primarily emerge on bryophyte mats (mean site cover 80%). Microhabitat structure did not vary significantly in relation to different vegetation types encompassing the treeline ecotone. The majority of seedlings of all species grew in maximum 2 m distance to at least one potentially protective element. Geomorphic elements and deadwood were the most important shelters for seedling establishment. Our results emphasise the importance of safe sites for successful tree regeneration in harsh environments. As growth conditions in high mountain ecosystems may substantially alter under contemporary climate change, the necessity of safe sites may increase to buffer potential extremes.