Factors Influencing Users' Information Requests: Medium, Target, and Extra-Topical Dimension.

We report on a crowdsourced study that investigated how two factors influence the way people formulate information requests. Our first factor, medium, considers whether the request is produced using text or voice. Our second factor, target, considers whether the request is intended for a search engine or a human intermediary (i.e., someone who will search on the user’s behalf). In particular, we study how these two factors influence the way people formulate requests in situations where the information need has a specific type of extra-topical dimension (i.e., a type of constraint that is independent from the information need’s topic). We focus on six extra-topical dimensions: (1) domain knowledge, (2) viewpoint, (3) experiential, (4) venue location, (5) source location, and (6) temporal. The extra-topical dimension was manipulated by giving participants carefully constructed search tasks. We analyzed a large number of information requests produced by study participants, and address three research questions. We study the effects of our two factors (medium and target) on (RQ1) participants’ perceptions about their own information requests, (RQ2) the different characteristics of their information requests (e.g., natural language structure, retrieval performance), and (RQ3) participants’ strategies for requesting information when the search task has a specific type of extra-topical dimension. Our results found that both factors influenced participants’ perceptions about their own information requests, the characteristics of participants’ requests, and the strategies adopted by participants to request information matching the extra-topical dimension. Our results have implications for future research on methods that can harness (rather than ignore) extra-topical query terms to retrieve relevant information.