European higher education: a comparative analysis to evaluate the pedagogical training of professors and to investigate the different models developed by universities.

Recently there is a lot of interest and emphasis on university teachers' training and their certification. This is mainly connected to the strong implication of professors' competences and to the quality of the higher education which, in turn, have a direct relationship with the changes that the universities have experienced since the Bologna Plan. This Plan has impacted the history of each institution of higher education. Indeed, in the current period, the worldwide educational systems are making efforts to change their structures and modifying didactic and pedagogical approaches. It is therefore essential to consider the changes and the challenges of the teaching staff. The aim of this research is to compare and evaluate the pedagogical training of university professors as well as to investigate the different models that each university developed to implement its version of pedagogical training.