Retracted: Combined Treatment With Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Therapy And Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Improves Bone Repair In A Rabbit Model Of Bone Nonunion (Retracted Article. See Vol. 18, Pg. 4156, 2018)

The aim of the present study was to analyze whether extracorporeal shock-wave therapy (ESWT) combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) transplantation improves bone repair in a rabbit bone nonunion model. ESWT combined with BMMSC effectively enhanced mechanical strength, fracture stiffness and histological scores, and increased alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteopontin, runt related transcription factor 2 and collagen type I 1 chain protein expression levels in a rabbit bone nonunion model. In addition, ESWT combined with BMMSC effectively enhanced insulin-like growth factor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor contents, promoted transforming growth factor- (TGF-) contents, and induced the growth factors, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4 and purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7) protein expression in the rabbit bone nonunion model. Thus, the present study demonstrated that ESWT combined with BMMSC transplantation improves bone repair in a rabbit bone nonunion model via the BMPs and P2X7 signaling pathways.